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개성공단의 국제경쟁력 강화방안 연구 (Study on the Strategies for the Enhancement of International Competitiveness of the Kaesong Industrial Complex)

Author

Listed:
  • Na , Seung Kwon

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Hong , Yi Kyung

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

Korean Abstract: 개성공단사업은 지난 10여 년간 가장 대표적인 남북경협사업으로 남북관계 악화 등의 위기에도 비교적 안정적으로 운영되어왔다. 그러나 2013년 갑작스러운 폐쇄조치를 겪고 다시 정상화되는 과정에서 안정적인 사업 운영을 위한 국제화의 필요성이 강하게 제기된 바 있다. 이러한 상황에서 최근 개성공단의 국제화에 대한 논의도 비교적 활발히 이루어지고 있었으나, 그동안의 연구들은 주요 현안을 중심으로 한 문제와 해결방안을 제시하는 등 대부분 동일한 접근법을 활용하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 보다 체계적‧차별적인 분석을 위해 FDI 결정요인이라는 이론적 논의에 기초한 여건 분석이라는 새로운 접근을 시도하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 각 장별로 다루고 있는 주요 내용 및 연구 결과는 다음과 같이 제시할 수 있다. 제2장에서는 개성공단의 국제경쟁력 측면에서 구체적인 논의를 전개하기에 앞서 개성공단의 추진 개요, 법‧제도, 관리운영 체계, 산업구조 및 교역 현황 등 개성공단 사업 전반에 걸쳐 최근까지의 성과 및 현황을 개략적으로 검토하였다. 이에 따르면 개성공단의 생산 규모 및 고용 등 양적인 성장과 함께 각종 제도적 여건 또한 꾸준히 발전해온 것은 분명하지만, 3통 문제, 안정적인 근로자 확보의 어려움 등 여전히 해결되지 못한 다양한 문제들이 상존하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 제3장에서는 UNCTAD 등 기존 FDI 결정요인에 대한 이론적 검토를 바탕으로 크게 요소요인, 수요요인, 제도적 요인으로 구분하여 개성공단의 여건을 중국, 베트남 등과 정량적‧정성적으로 비교하였다. 요소요인 중에서는 노동력 공급 여건, 산업입지 공급 여건, 원자재조달 여건, 물적 인프라 수준 등을, 수요요인 중에서는 시장 여건(규모 및 성장 잠재력), 글로벌 시장 접근성을 비교하였다. 또한 제도적 요인으로는 무역 자유도, 세제 여건, 정치적 안정성, 법적 안정성, 부패 수준, 지적재산권 보장 등을 고려하였다. 이에 따르면 개성공단은 요소요인, 특히 저렴한 노동력 및 입지 공급 등에서 비교우위를 가지고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 다만 수요요인과 제도적 요인에서는 세제 여건 등 일부 요인을 제외하면 대부분 중국이나 베트남과 비교할 때 FDI 유치 여건 측면의 경쟁력은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 여건을 고려할 때 개성공단은 여러 가지 FDI 유형 중 비용 절감형에 강점을 가지며, 시장추구형 및 효율성추구형 측면에서의 비교우위는 낮은 것으로 평가할 수 있다. English Abstract: The Kaesong Industrial Complex has, for the most part, experienced relatively stable operation over the last decade, and has become the most visible and representative inter-Korean economic cooperation project amidst deteriorating inter-Korean relations. However, in the course of normalization of its operations after its sudden closure in 2013, the issue of internationalization of the Complex has been strongly raised, as part of efforts to ensure greater stability and continuity in its operations. Under these circumstances, many studies regarding the internationalization of the Kaesong Industrial Complex were recently conducted. However, most studies are limited in that they tend to utilize similar research methodology, merely presenting solutions to deal with its shortcomings in connection with the current situation. This study, in an attempt to provide a more systematic and differentiated analysis, tries a methodical approach with investment condition analysis based on a theory called “FDI Decision Factor”. The summary and results of this study are as follows. In this study, the achievements of the Kaesong complex to date and the current situation including the overview of its development, related laws and systems, management/operating system, industrial structure and trade status are examined first prior to conducting detailed analysis on the Kaesong Industrial Complex in terms of international competitiveness. According to the initial observation, it is clear that improvements in the system as well as quantitative growth, such as increasing production scale and employment, have been achieved. However, various problems, including some major ones, still remain unresolved: facilitating entry procedures, upgrading of communications infrastructure, streamlining of customs rules and securing labor for the workforce. Second, this study compares in both qualitative and quantitative terms the conditions of the Kaesong complex with industrial complexes in other countries such as China and Vietnam, based on a theoretical review on the FDI decision factors, divided by element factors, demand factors and institutional factors. According to the comparison, the Kaesong complex is evaluated as having comparative advantage in terms of production cost with respect to element factors, particularly in labor forces and supply of industrial sites. However, in terms of demand and institutional factors, the Kaesong complex has relatively low competitiveness in attracting FDI when compared to industrial complexes in China or Vietnam. With such conditions taken into consideration, the Kaesong Industrial Complex is assessed as being strong (among the types of FDI) in ‘resource seeking’ FDI, and particularly in ‘cost saving’ FDI, but has low comparative advantage in ‘market seeking’ and ‘efficiency seeking’ FDI.

Suggested Citation

  • Na , Seung Kwon & Hong , Yi Kyung, 2014. "개성공단의 국제경쟁력 강화방안 연구 (Study on the Strategies for the Enhancement of International Competitiveness of the Kaesong Industrial Complex)," Policy Reference 14-5, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kiepre:2014_005
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2627574
    Note: Downloadable document is in Korean.
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