국제사회의 기후변화 대응 역량개발 지원 현황과 시사점 (International Support for Climate Change Capacity Development and Policy Implications for Korea)

Korean Abstract: 2005년 원조효과성에 관한 고위급 포럼에서 이루어진 파리선언과 2008년 아크라선언 및 2011년 부산선언으로 이어진 국제사회의 원조효과성 및 수원국 주인의식을 위한 논의는, 수원국의 자립적인 개발 역량 제고에 중점을 두고, 이를 위한 공여국의 노력을 강조하였다. 한편 2010년 칸쿤에서 개최된 유엔기후변화협약 제16차 당사국총회(COP16)에서는 개도국의 기후변화 대응을 위해 2020년까지 연간 1,000억 달러 규모로 확대된 지원을 제공하고, 기후변화 지원에 특화한 녹색기후기금(GCF: Green Climate Fund)을 설립하는 데 합의하였다. 우리나라는 2012년 말 도하 당사국총회(COP18)에서 GCF 사무국 유치국으로 공식 승인되었다. GCF는 개도국의 기후변화 대응력 강화와 저탄소 개발 패러다임의 전환 도모를 목적으로 운영 초기에는 개도국의 역량배양에 대한 지원이 집중적으로 이루어질 것으로 예상된다. 우리나라는 개도국의 기후변화 대응 역량을 위해 2014년부터 4년간 4천만 달러를 지원하기로 약속한 바 있다. 따라서 수원국의 주인의식을 배양하는 동시에 GCF의 역량개발 지원과 연계가 가능하며, 기존 국제사회의 지원과는 차별화된 창의적인 기후변화 대응 역량개발 지원 프로그램 개발이 시급한 과제로 부상하였다. 이 연구는 개도국의 역량개발에 관한 국제사회의 합의와, 국제기구 및 선진국의 기후변화 관련 역량개발 지원 사례 검토를 통해, GCF 유치국 및 이사국으로서 우리나라의 기후변화 대응 역량지원에 관한 기초자료를 제공하고 정책 시사점을 제시하는 데 그 목적을 둔다. English Abstract: From Paris Declaration to Busan Partnership, High Level discussions on aid effectiveness have emphasized the need to improve developing countries’ capacity. It was mentioned that self-reliant capacity of developing countries is a key condition for sustained growth, and that donor countries’ active support is essential in fostering such capacity. Meanwhile, at the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the parties reached an agreement on two significant issues. Firstly, the parties agreed to scale up climate finance to 100 billion dollars annually by year 2020. In addition, the parties agreed to establish the Green Climate Fund, a specialized international fund on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Six countries, including Korea offered to host the secretariat. At the second meeting in November 2012, the GCF Board members decided that the secretariat would be hosted by Korea. The Conference of the Parties session, held the following month, acknowledged the Board’s decision. Thus, Korea officially became the host country of the Green Climate Fund Secretariat. In order to expedite action against the adverse impacts of climate change and shift to a low-carbon development paradigm, the GCF will concentrate on building developing countries’ capacity against climate change in the initial stages of its operation. Korea has pledged to provide 40 million dollars to assist climate-related capacity building in developing countries. As a consequence, establishing climate capacity programs to foster country ownership and also to link the programs with the GCF’s own capacity support has now become an urgent task. The program must also be innovative and effective in order to differentiate itself from existing programs. This study seeks to examine the international consensus related to capacity in developing countries. By reviewing previous and current activities on climate capacity promoted by international organizations and donor countries, the paper seeks to serve as a fundamental reference for Korea’s support on climate capacity. The study is structured in the following order. As mentioned above, international discussions and consensus on capacity and capacity development are outlined in Chapter Two. To clarify an abstract term like “capacity,” the study borrows definitions from the OECD Development Assistance Committee. In the second part of the chapter, a review is provided on the negotiations and decisions made under the UNFCCC on capacity building. Chapters Three and Four describe some notable climate capacity support activities pursued by the World Bank, UNDP, and three donor countries: Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. The World Bank with abundant experience in large-scale projects, recognizes the importance of the recipients’ capacity in order to maintain aid effectiveness. The UNDP, likewise, has sufficient experience in implementing capacity projects. Meanwhile, Germany has been long involved in technical assistance and it is now actively expanding the scope of activities to include various interrelated topics. On the other hand, although not substantial in size, Denmark and Sweden also provide sizable assistance and display extensive interest in capacity development on environment and climate change.