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키르기스스탄 광산업 투자환경의 변화와 시사점 (The Investment Environment Changes in the Mining Industry of the Kyrgyz Republic and Implications)

Author

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  • Joo , Jinhong

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

Korean Abstract: 키르기스스탄은 중앙아시아 빈국 중 하나로 우리나라와 경제협력 관계는 매우 빈약한 국가이다. 그러나 키르기스스탄은 구소련 시기부터 광물자원의 개발이 활발히 이루어졌고, 미개발된 다양한 광물자원을 보유하고 있어 해외광산기업들도 투자환경만 적절히 조성된다면 투자의지가 높은 것으로 조사되고 있다. 키르기스스탄은 현재 중앙아시아 3대 금 생산국이자 희토류 개발로 주목받고 있다. 키르기스스탄의 광산업은 주요 수출 산업이자 핵심 산업으로 광물자원의 수출이 전체 수출액의 과반을 넘는데, 광물자원 수출의 대부분은 금 수출이 차지하고 있다. 키르기스스탄 광산업에 대한 해외광산기업의 진출은 독립 이후 시작되었으나, 정부의 규제가 심해 지지부진하다가 제1차 키르기스스탄 혁명 이후 바키예프 정권의 적극적인 해외투자유치 정책으로 주변국가인 카자흐스탄과 중국의 진출이 확대되었다. 2010년 제2차 혁명으로 정권이 교체된 후, 해외투자유치를 강화하겠다는 신정부의 공언에도 불구하고 외국인 투자환경은 악화된 것으로 평가된다. 외국인 투자환경 악화의 핵심적 원인은 정치구조 및 정치환경의 변화에서 비롯된 정치적 리스크의 확대 때문이다. 그러나 키르기스스탄 정부의 자원통제권 강화 정책과 이에서 비롯된 해외투자자에 대한 압박은 지속될 수 없을 것으로 전망된다. 키르기스스탄의 경제 발전을 위해서는 핵심 산업인 광산업의 발전이 필요하며, 광산업 발전을 위해서는 해외투자유치가 절대적으로 필요하기 때문이다. 최근 키르기스스탄 정부의 자원통제권 강화 정책이 다소 개선될 조짐을 보이고 있다. 키르기스스탄 정부와 갈등을 빚고 있는 해외광산기업들이 해외 중재법정에 정부를 제소하거나 투자철회를 언급하며 정부를 압박하자 정부의 자원통제권 강화 정책이 다소 개선되고 있는 것으로 보이기 때문이다. 한편 키르기스스탄 정부의 자원통제권 강화 정책에는 2010년 혁명 이전에 구정부가 해외투자유치를 위해 과도하게 허가한 광산개발 사업들을 무효화하여 새로운 광산정책을 실행할 공간을 만들려는 목적도 있다는 점을 고려해야 한다. 즉 신정부에서 허가되는 신규 사업들에 대한 규제는 약화될 것이라고 판단된다. 따라서 2015년 의회선거까지는 현재의 광산업 투자환경이 지속될 것으로 보이나, 개발잠재력이 있는 유망 광종(금, 희토류 등)이 존재하고 중장기적으로, 또 정치적·경제적 이유로 키르기스스탄 정부의 현 광산업 정책이 지속될 수 없을 것으로 판단되어 향후 광산업 투자환경은 개선될 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 분석과 전망, 기진출 기업들의 사례를 참고할 때, 우리 기업들의 키르기스스탄 광산업 진출을 위한 시사점과 진출방안은 다음과 같다. 시사점으로는 첫째, 키르기스스탄 광산업 투자환경의 악화는 적어도 2015년까지 지속될 것이나 중장기적으로 개선될 것이라는 점을 인식하고, 둘째, 광산업 법·제도 변경은 광산업 투명화와 부패 일소의 목적도 있으므로 적극 부응하며, 셋째, 광산개발을 위해서는 지역 주민의 지지가 반드시 필요하므로 일자리 창출과 지역경제 기여의 필요성을 인식하고, 넷째, 환경오염에 민감한 키르기스스탄 국민의 필요를 인식하고 광산개발에서 환경보호 의무 준수의 중요성을 인식해야 하며, 다섯째, 해외광산기업들과 경쟁을 위해서는 지역경제 및 지역개발에 대한 요구, 인프라 구축에 대한 요구를 어느 정도 수용할 필요가 있다는 사실을 인식해야 할 것이다. 진출방안으로는 첫째, 유망 광물인 금과 희토류 광산개발에 집중하고, 둘째, 지역경제 성장에 기여하고 인프라 구축 요구를 수용할 수 있도록 광산개발 진출에 농산물 가공업과 인프라 건설업의 동반진출을 적극 활용하며, 셋째, 정치적 갈등을 피하기 위해 단독투자보다 합작투자로 진출하는 것이 바람직한 방안이라고 판단된다. 정책적으로는 키르기스스탄에 대한 공적개발원조를 진행하되, 첫째, 광산업 직업교육을 지원하여 현지 노동자 고용을 위한 기반을 마련하고, 둘째, 의료시설 구축을 지원하여 광산개발 시 환경오염 대비 및 지역 주민을 위한 보건사업을 통해 대민관계를 구축하며, 셋째, 도로 및 전력망 등 기본 인프라 건설사업 지원으로 키르기스스탄 정부의 지역개발 요구를 충족하여 우리 기업의 경쟁력을 제고하고, 넷째, 광산개발로 인한 환경오염 방지 및 폐광 복구 등 광해방지 사업을 지원하여 우리 기업의 환경보호 의무 준수 이미지를 제고하는 데 도움이 되어야 할 것이다. English Abstract: The Kyrgyz Republic is one of the most impoverished countries in Central Asia and its economic cooperation with Korea has been far from robust. However, the Kyrgyz Republic has untapped mineral resources including those of precious minerals that was first developed during the Soviet era. The Kyrgyz Republic is the 3rd largest gold producing country in Central Asia and is also noted for mining of rare earth elements. The mining industry is the most important export industry in the Kyrgyz Republic and the core industry of the Kyrgyz economy. The export of mineral resources represents more than 50% of total exports of the Kyrgyz Republic and the gold export accounts for the largest share of the country’s mineral resources export. The foreign mining companies have entered the Kyrgyz Republic since its independence but their operations have been less than successful due to severe interference of the Kyrgyz government. After the first revolution, the Bakiyev government put forth efforts to attract the foreign investment to its mining industry, which led to increased Kazakh and Chinese investments in the industry. However, since the new Kyrgyz government declared the investment policy to attract foreign capital after the second revolution in 2010, the investment environment has deteriorated. The main reason for the deterioration is increased political risk from the change of political structure and an unstable political environment. The political risk stems from the fact that the government is a fragile coalition; the policies adopted are often the based on populism and there is much political strife surrounding the core industry, mining. Such political risk has obstructed the long term investment. In addition, the Kyrgyz government did not expend sufficient effort towards improving its investment environment. The investment environment for the mining industry as the Kyrgyz Republic's core industry also became worse, because of the government's policy of increasing its control over the mineral resources and the mining industry, in addition to rising conflicts between the Kyrgyz government and foreign mining companies resulting from the Kyrgyz government interference in the mining industry, conflicts between foreign mining companies and local populations around the mines, and the growing awareness among foreign mining companies of the negative investment environment of the Kyrgyz mining sector. The Kyrgyz government policies to reinforce its control over mineral resources and the mining industry is not expected continue, however, as development of the Kyrgyz mining industry is essential for economic development in Kyrgyzstan, which is only feasible through infusion of foreign capital into the mining sector. There is actually historical precedence regarding Kyrgyz government easing regulations related to its mining sector as a response to the weak foreign investment into its mining sector. Also, any stringent policy on the part of Kyrgyz government would not be successful given the fragile coalition government, the parliamentary government system, and the nearly even distribution of parliamentary seats among parties. This is the reason why the failure of economic policy threatens to turn into political failure immediately. Recently, the Kyrgyz government's policy regarding the mining sector seems to have relaxed somewhat because of foreign mining companies' legal battles against the government and their announcements of possible divestment from the Kyrgyz mining sector, threatening and frustrating the government. On the other hand, the new Kyrgyz government's policy on mining sector is opposed to those of the former Kyrgyz government. The abolition of the former government's policy could ease the way for the new government, which means new mining projects permitted by the new government would not be overly burdened by regulations. In summary, the present, deteriorated state of investment environment in the Kyrgyz mining sector could continue until the 2015 parliamentary elections changes the present distribution of present parliamentary seats. But the investment environment would be improved for the mid and long terms because the Kyrgyz republic sees prospects for continued exploitation of minerals such as gold and rare earth elements and the present Kyrgyz government does not have the economic and political leverage for exerting strong influence on the mining sector. Therefore, based on this analysis of prospects for foreign mining companies and the investment cases, the implications for companies are as follows: First, the deterioration of the Kyrgyz mining sector's investment environment would continue at least until 2015 but the improvement of investment environment is expected for the mid and long terms. Second, changes in Kyrgyz mining regulations are aimed at transparency of its mining sector and the removal of corruption, so the companies would do well in adhering to them. Third, the mining projects are vital to local populations, and so companies have to recognize the need to create jobs around the mining areas and of the contribution to the local economy. Fourth, companies need to respect Kyrgyz sensitivity to environmental pollution and thus must heed relevant environmental regulations. Fifth, Korean companies need to recognize the strategy of the foreign mining companies. Foreign mining companies are perfectly willing to accept the Kyrgyz government's demand for contribution to the local economy, in order to participate in the mining industry in the Kyrgyz Republic. The strategy for the mining companies are as follows: First, the companies must focus on the development of prospective mineral resources such as gold and rare earth elements. Second, they must meet demands for contribution to the local economy, meaning mining companies need to plan together in advance with agricultural products-processing companies or infrastructure construction companies, as local communities need to develop agricultural business networks and build infrastructure. Third, companies should try to invest in the mining sector with local companies in joint ventures because joint ventures with local companies will allow them to avoid political controversies. To support the mining companies, the Korean government is able to utilize Official Development Aid especially for job education and training programs, construction of healthcare infrastructure and cleanup of environmental pollution caused by mining. These ODAs will help create a qualified local labor force in the mining sector and contribute to the health of locals and the local economy. In the end, this would lead to increased competitiveness for Korean companies in the Kyrgyz mining sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Joo , Jinhong, 2013. "키르기스스탄 광산업 투자환경의 변화와 시사점 (The Investment Environment Changes in the Mining Industry of the Kyrgyz Republic and Implications)," Policy Reference 13-23, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kiepre:2013_023
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2444502
    Note: Downloadable document is in Korean.
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