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필리핀 경제의 구조적 문제점과 한국-필리핀 경제 협력 방향 (The High Growth Economy of the Philippines and its Implications)

Author

Listed:
  • Oh , Yoon Ah

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Shin , Mingeum

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

Korean Abstract: 최근 필리핀의 호황은 해외송금의 지속적인 유입에 기반을 둔 민간소비 중심의 경제구조가 고착화되고 BPO 산업이 급속히 성장하는 가운데 해외송금과 BPO 산업 호황이 건설경기 호황을 이끌어내면서 이루어지고 있다. 또한 아키노 정부가 대규모 인프라 확대 정책을 적극 추진하면서 투자가 다소 활성화된 것도 최근의 높은 경제성장에 큰 기여를 하는 것으로 보인다. 최근 호황인 필리핀 경제의 문제는 필리핀 고유의 만성적이며 구조적인 문제의 큰 개선 없이 진행되고 있다는 점이다. 필리핀 경제의 구조적 문제는심각한 빈곤과 불평등, 높은 실업, 부가가치와 생산성이 낮은 서비스에 편중된 경제구조, 취약한 제조업, 낙후된 농업, 그리고 만성적인 투자 부족이다. 인구의 28%가 절대빈곤선 아래에 있으며, 빈곤 상황이 최근의 높은 경제성장에도 불구하고 크게 개선되지 않았다는 사실은 매우 심각하다. 또한 동남아시아에서도 심각한 수준에 속하는 불평등 역시 지난 30여 년 동안 거의 변화가 없었다. 특히 필리핀 빈곤의 대부분을 차지하는 농촌의 빈곤과 불평등은 농촌 지역의 대토지 소유와 관련이 있는데 사실상 토지개혁의 실패에 기인한 것으로 평가된다. 더불어 정책실패에 따른 높은 인구증가가 고용창출과 빈곤감소에 큰 부담으로 작용하고 있다는 점 역시 필리핀 경제의 특이성이자 문제점이다. 필리핀 경제의 심각한 구조적 문제는 만성적으로 높은 실업률이다. 또한 고용의 질도 문제인데 전체 고용의 다수를 차지하는 서비스 부문 고용의 대부분이 저숙련, 저임금의 비공식 부문 고용이어서 국가 전체 고용의 질은 매우 낮다. 문제는 최근의 호황이 고용증가에 거의 기여하지 못하며, 이와 같은 패턴이 고착화하면 ‘고용 없는 성장’이 구조화될 수 있다는 사실이다. 고용창출의 저조는 빈곤감소 노력을 어렵게 하고, 특히 필리핀의 높은 인구증가률을 고려할 때 빈곤과 불평등 해결에 큰 장애요인이 될 수 있다. English Abstract: Once called the "sick man of Asia," the Philippines has become the fastest growing economy in the region over the past two years. Its economy expanded by 6.6 percent in 2012 and it is expected to grow by 7 percent in 2013. High economic growth has been driven by remittances-fueled domestic consumption, the expanding BPO industry, and the construction boom. Increased public spending in infrastructure by the Aquino government also contributed to the high growth. However, the economy’s structural vulnerabilities, which include chronic poverty, high inequality, persistent unemployment, high population growth, weak manufacturing, and low investment, remain largely unchanged. 28 percent of its population live in poverty and its exceptionally high inequality by regional standards has been largely unaffected by the recent growth. High population growth, which is largely created by a policy failure, puts considerable pressure on job creation and hinders poverty reduction. In addition to chronic unemployment, most jobs are in the informal sector and of low-wage and low-productivity. The situation has led to a growing concern that the Philippines may be experiencing "jobless growth." The Philippines went through "premature deindustrialization" where the economy developed without experiencing manufacturing-driven growth and moved into services. Services now dominate the Philippine both in terms of output and a share of employment. Yet except the BPO industry, the productivity of service sector is low and most of the employment in services is informal and of low quality. Compared to other developing countries in Asia, investment in the Philippines has been low and stagnant. Low tax capacity, complex government regulations, and corruptions are blamed for low investment. Although recent governance reforms by the Aquino government led to an increase in FDI and public spending, further reforms may turn out to be an extremely difficult task due to political economy reasons. Korea needs to consider a two-pronged approach to expand the Korea-Philippine economic cooperation considering the opportunities and challenges of the current Philippine economy. First, on the opportunity side, the positive outlooks for infrastructure investment and consumption markets offer attractive business opportunities to Korean businesses. The Philippine government will proceed with the large-scale infrastructure projects to improve the country’s inadequate infrastructure. High remittances and the high-performing BPO industry will continue to support the market for consumer goods. Korean businesses can tap into these opportunities. Second, to help the Philippine economy address its structural challenges, Korea needs to strengthen industrial cooperation with the Philippines in the manufacturing sector. This is indeed where Korea has been on the right track. Korea has already included the Philippine in its global supply chain in electronics and shipbuilding. Strengthening these ties will help create jobs and reduce poverty by helping promote the manufacturing sector in the Philippines.

Suggested Citation

  • Oh , Yoon Ah & Shin , Mingeum, 2013. "필리핀 경제의 구조적 문제점과 한국-필리핀 경제 협력 방향 (The High Growth Economy of the Philippines and its Implications)," Policy Reference 13-16, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kiepre:2013_016
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2441082
    Note: Downloadable document is in Korean.
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