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북·중 접경지역 경제교류 실태와 거래관행 분석 (Economic Cooperation and Practices of Economic Transactions in Border Areas of North Korea and China)

Author

Listed:
  • Lee , Jong-Woon

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Hong , Yi Kyung

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

핵개발문제로 북한의 대외관계가 전반적으로 악화되고 국제사회의 경제제재가 강화되고 있음에도 불구하고 북한과 중국의 경제협력은 확대되고 있으며, 특히 중국의 동북3성 개발계획 차원에서 논의되던 북한 접경지역에서의 협력사업들이 최근 구체화됨으로써 북ㆍ중 간의 경제관계는 더욱 활성화될 것으로 전망된다. 북ㆍ중 간의 교역은 북한과 국경을 마주하고 있는 중국 동북지역과의 거래를 통해 주로 이루어지고 있으며 단둥, 옌볜 등의 변경도시에 위치한 기업과 상인들이 참여하고 있다. 중국기업은 2000년대 후반기에 광물자원 개발을 중심으로 제조업, 유통업 등에 본격적으로 진출하고 있으며, 중국의 대북 투자는 핵문제, 경제제재와 같은 북한의 대외관계 저해요인에도 불구하고 증가하고 있다. 중국업체들은 북한과의 지리적 근접성과 접경국가와의 교류 활성화를 위한 정부의 우대조치를 활용하여 북한과 거래하고 있다. 중국업체들이 북한과 거래하는 방식은 ① 일반무역 및 변경무역제도를 이용한 수출입거래, ② 임가공 무역, ③ 북한과 외국기업들 사이에서 중간거래자 역할, ④ 밀무역 등 다양한 형태를 보이고 있다. 중국 측 접경도시에는 북한의 주요 무역회사가 인력을 상주시키고 있으며, 광선은행, 통일발전은행 등의 금융기관이 지점을 운영하고 있다. 북한의 무역회사와 기관들은 접경지역에서 정착된 중국과의 거래관행을 적극적으로 활용하고 있다. 본고는 북ㆍ중 접경지역에서의 교역, 투자, 대금결제 방식과 거래관행을 조사함으로써 확대되고 있는 북ㆍ중 경제협력의 특이점과 문제점을 파악하여 정책적 시사점을 도출하기 위한 연구이다. 접경지역에서의 북한과 중국 간 거래에는 비공식적인 방식이 지속적으로 활용되고, 상품과 물자가 교류되는 과정에서 양국 파트너간의 밀접한 관계를 이용하여 음성적인 거래가 적지 않게 이루어지고 있다. 신용장거래와 금융기관을 활용하는 국제거래관행과는 달리 북ㆍ중 간에는 현금거래나 구상무역과 같은 거래방식이 관행화되어 있다. 이러한 접경지역에서의 거래방식에는 외화 밀반출 등과 같은 불법적인 요소들이 병존하고 있다. 경제난으로 인한 산업침체, 외화부족과 더불어 북한은 국제사회의 대북 경제제재에 직면하여 공식적 금융거래를 회피하는 음성적인 방식들을 적극 활용하고 있다. 접경지역에 소재한 중국 무역회사와 투자가들은 북한과의 거래에서 현금결제, 현물거래와 같은 관행에 익숙할 뿐만 아니라 일부 사업자들은 부대비용 절감과 세금회피 등의 이유로 금융기관의 개입이 없는 거래를 지속하고 있다. Amid deterioration of North Korea’s foreign relations due to its nuclear development, economic cooperation between North Korea and China is actually showing unmistakable signs of expansion. It is expected that economic relations between the two states will become even closer in the coming years as cooperation projects between the two are materializing along with the rapid promotion by China of its development plan for its Northeast provinces. This study seeks to gain an understanding of the characteristics and problems of the current North Korea-China economic cooperation, by investigating trade, price settlement methods and transaction practices in the border areas. In transactions between North Korea and China, the methods of exchange are often unofficial, taking advantage of close relations between partners from both sides. Unlike regular international transactions using letters of credit or financial institutions, cash transactions and barter trade are prevalent in commercial transactions between the two communist states. Such practices include illegal elements such as smuggling of foreign currency into the country. In the face of economic sanctions by the international community along with industrial stagnation and foreign currency shortage due to economic difficulties, North Korea is actively taking advantage of these ‘unofficial’ methods in an attempt to circumvent official rules of financial transactions. Chinese trade companies located in the border areas are accustomed to cash or barter transactions, and some companies even prefer such transactions precluding involvement by financial institutions, for reasons of reducing extra expenses and avoiding taxes. Among modes of trade, border trade is reflective of characteristics of border areas. Chinese companies in the border areas favor conducting transactions with North Korea through such “border trade.” It is because there is more room to utilize unofficial methods in foreign exchange control, price settlement, and tax rebate through border trade than through general trade. Taking various unofficial trade practices into account, the scale of trade between North Korea and China is very likely to far exceed the figures recorded officially by Chinese customs. North Korea is receiving payments in cash for processing imported materials commissioned by Chinese companies. Such cash brought into the North is easy to hide and there is high possibility that North Korean authorities divert such cash for their own operations. State institutions, trade companies, and financial institutions in North Korea often do not abide by rules stipulated in transactions with China regarding trade settlement. Though there are no official statistics regarding bank remittance for trade settlement, it is estimated that about 20 to 30 percent of trade settlement are conducted through bank remittance and the rest are settled through cash. This study points out that though unofficial transactions carried out between North Korea and China are attributable to expanding economic cooperation between the two countries, there are illegal elements in such transactions which can undermine economic sanctions imposed by the international community.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee , Jong-Woon & Hong , Yi Kyung, 2013. "북·중 접경지역 경제교류 실태와 거래관행 분석 (Economic Cooperation and Practices of Economic Transactions in Border Areas of North Korea and China)," Policy Reference 13-4, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kiepre:2013_004
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2360935
    Note: Downloadable document is in Korean.
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