코로나19 이후 글로벌 가치사슬의 구조 변화와 정책 대응(Structural Changes in the Global Value Chain and Policy Responses after COVID-19)

2019년 12월 시작된 코로나바이러스(이하 코로나19)는 전 세계인의 삶과 경제를 변화시키고 있다. 일반적인 경제적 충격과 달리 코로나19는 글로벌 차원에서 사람 간의 접촉을 통해 확산되고, 바이러스의 다양한 생물학적 변이로 인하여 충격의 기간이 장기화되는 중이다. 코로나19의 확산은 감염병에 의한 생물학적 리스크를 증대시켰고, 인적ㆍ물적 자원의 이동이 제한되는 등 위기관리 측면에서 새로운 글로벌 공급망 충격 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 일례로 2020년 초 세계의 공장인 중국에서의 코로나19 확산은 중국 내 생산 중단과 함께 이와 연계된 다수 국가의 생산에 영향을 주었고, 2021년에는 코로나19의 지속으로 인한 디지털 수요 증가에 반도체 공급이 따라가지 못하여 다수 국가에서 생산이 지연되고 있다. 이러한 사례들을 살펴보았을 때 코로나19의 글로벌 생산 네트워크에 대한 영향은 실질적이며, 이에 대한 정책 대응이 요구된다. The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), which broke out in December 2019, is changing the lives of people and economies around the world. Unlike typical economic shocks, COVID-19 spreads globally through human-to-human contact and because of its diversity of biological variation, the impact of the pandemic is being prolonged. The spread of COVID-19 is acting as a new shock factor upon global value chains (GVCs) in terms of crisis management, as it has increased the biological risk caused by infectious diseases and limited the movement of human and physical resources. More specifically, in early 2020, because of the spread of COVID-19 in China, so called the world’s factory, production shutdowns were unavoidable and this disrupted production in a number of associated countries. Then in 2021, as unexpected digital demand spiked due to the continuation of COVID-19, the supply of semiconductors has encountered difficulties keeping up with the demand and production has been delayed in many countries. Considering these cases, the impact of COVID-19 on GVCs is substantial and proper policy responses arerequired. Meanwhile, it is highly difficult to directly identify the impact of COVID-19 on GVC structures. This is due to the significant difficulties involved when examining the impact of COVID-19 on GVCs, as it is continuously changing and intertwining with various factors such as policy uncertainty before COVID-19, changes in production and demand and digitalization of production. Also, the impact of COVID-19 is likely to be combined with pre-existing factors which have induced changes in GVC structure. Therefore,in this study, we comprehensively look at the direction of the ongoing GVC changes after COVID-19 based on the literature and quantitative data, and derive government support policies and tasks. The summary of findings is as follows.(the rest omitted)