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중국과 베트남의 금융개혁이 북한에 주는 시사점 (Financial Reform in China and Vietnam: Potential Lessons for DPRK)

Author

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  • Dollar, David

    (World Bank - Development Economics Group (DEC))

Abstract

Korean Abstract: 중국과 베트남은 지난 25년 간 세계에서 가장 빠른 경제 성장세를 보였다. 양국 모두 소련을 모델로 계획경제체제를 운영하였으나, 결과가 실망스러움에 따라 과거로부터 벗어나 공산당 중앙위원회가 비준한 시장경제체제로 전환했다. 중국은 1978년 소집된 회의이후 “개혁개방”을 시작했고, 베트남은 몇 년 후인 1986년 “도이머이(쇄신)” 라는 슬로건을 가진 정책으로 개혁을 시작했다. 각 국가의 금융제도 개혁은 개혁 전반에 있어 중요한 요소이며, 어려운 동시에 리스크에 쉽게 노출되는 부분이다. 중국과 베트남의 금융개혁의 성과, 유사점, 차이점 등을 조사하여 다른 개발도상국 및 북한이 배울만한 점을 살펴보고자 한다. 북한은 중국과 베트남 개혁 초기단계와 유사한 양상을 띠고 있다. 만약 북한이 시장경제로의 개혁을 추구한다면, 중국과 베트남의 경우에서 배울 점들이 있을 것이다. 중국과 베트남은 금융제도의 전환, 즉 단일은행제도에서 실질경제에 도움이 되면서도 시장에 기반을 둔 시장지향제도로의 전환을 성공적으로 이룩했다고 평가된다. 이들의 경험에서 몇 가지 배울만한 교훈이 있다. 첫째, 이들은 수십 년에 걸쳐 개혁을 점진적으로 추구해왔다. 둘째, 개혁의 특성 중에는 국가 상황에 따라 결정된 것도 있다. 이러한 여건 하에서, 여러 결정을 함에 있어 어느 정도의 자유가 있었고, 중국과 베트남이 각기 다른 선택을 한 것이 흥미롭다. 중국과 베트남의 금융개혁에서 배울 수 있는 점은 두 나라의 서로 다른 선택과 그에 따른 결과를 비교하면 알 수 있다. 그렇다면 북한에 시사하는 바는 무엇일까? 상업은행 부문에서 중국과 베트남 모두 상업은행의 기능을 중앙은행에서 분리했으며, 다수의 국유상업은행을 설립했다. 개혁 과정에서 두 나라는 은행의 효율적 운영에 초점을 맞추었으며, 오늘날까지도 국가가 은행의 과반을 소유하도록 했다. 중국과 베트남 모두 국책은행을 설립해 특정 부문(농업, 인프라, 대외무역)에 정책금융을 할 수 있도록 했다. 양국 모두 은행 간 경쟁 및 소규모 신규진출을 허용했다. 두 국가 간에 차이가 나는 부분은 상업은행의 외국인투자였다. 베트남은 외국은행 설립에 더 개방적이었다. 외국은행의 진출은 은행부문의 건전한 경쟁과 안정을 가져다 준다. 중국은 2015년까지 외국은행의 중국 내 독립적 운영을 막았으며, 이들의 시장점유율도 1% 정도로 제한하고 있다. 중국은 외국은행의 독립적 운영은 원치 않았으나, 큰 규모의 국제은행을 소수의 전략적 파트너로 영입하는 이점은 누렸다. 부실채권을 대차대조표에서 제거하고, 은행의 자본을 재구성하여 전략적 파트너를 영입함으로써, 중국은 SOCB 역량을 개선할 수 있었으며, 홍콩에서의 성공적인 IPO 기반을 다질 수 있었다. 베트남은 외국은행을 전략적 파트너로 영입하지 않았기 때문에 국내 IPO가 성공적이지 못했다. (후략) English Abstract: China and Vietnam have been the two fastest growing economies in the world in the past 25 years. Each started out as a planned economy in the model of the Soviet Union, and each achieved disappointing economic results. In each country there was a clear break with the past and a shift to a more market-oriented economic system, ratified by a decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. In China the key meeting was held in 1978 and launched gaige kaifang (reform and opening up). In Vietnam reform was launched a number of years later at a Party meeting in 1986 under the banner of doi moi (renovation). In each country reform of the financial system was one important element of reform, an aspect that is difficult and prone to risks. It is useful to examine their record of financial reform, the similarities and differences, and to draw some lessons -- lessons that would be helpful for developing countries in general, and potentially for DPRK in particular. DPRK has some important similarities with China and Vietnam in the early stages of their reform. If DPRK were to pursue market-oriented reform, then the financial lessons of China and Vietnam could be quite relevant. China and Vietnam both have to be judged as successful in transforming their financial systems from mono-banking to a more market-oriented system that supports a real economy that is also largely market based. A couple of general lessons can be taken from their experience. They have pursued reform gradually, over a period of decades. Second, some of the characteristics of their reform were dictated by country conditions. That said, there were considerable degrees of freedom in various choices and it is interesting that the two countries often made different choices. Some of the potential lessons from financial reform in China and Vietnam come from comparing their different choices and results. So, what are some of the potential lessons for DPRK? In the area of commercial banking, both China and Vietnam separated commercial banking functions from the central bank and established several state-owned commercial banks. Much of their reform was then concentrated on making those banks operate efficiently, while remaining under state-majority ownership up until today. They both developed policy banks to take over the function of directing credit to particular sectors (agriculture, infrastructure, foreign trade). They both allowed a small amount of entry into and competition among banks. The interesting area of difference is how they treated foreign investment in commercial banking. Vietnam was more open to foreign banks setting up operation. This foreign entry provides healthy competition and stability to the sector. China up until 2015 has resisted foreign banks operating independently in China and has restricted them to about 1% of the market. While China did not want foreign banks operating independently, it did, however, see the benefit of bringing in big international banks as strategic, minority partners of the four SOCBs. By taking off the balance sheets the non-performing loans, recapitalizing the banks, and bringing in the strategic partners, China was able to improve the performance of the SOCBs and lay the foundation for successful IPOs in Hong Kong. Vietnam was not willing to bring in foreign banks as strategic partners and as a result its domestic IPOs have not been successful.

Suggested Citation

  • Dollar, David, 2015. "중국과 베트남의 금융개혁이 북한에 주는 시사점 (Financial Reform in China and Vietnam: Potential Lessons for DPRK)," Policy Analyses 15-39, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kieppa:2015_039
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    Keywords

    Economic Reform; Economy --North Korea; Financial Reform; Financial System; North Korea; China; Vietnam;
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