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러시아의 '경제현대화' 정책과 한·러 협력방안 (Russia's Economic Modernization Policy and Implication for Cooperation between Korea and Russia)

Author

Listed:
  • Jeh , Sung Hoon

    (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

  • Kang , Boogyun

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Min , Jiyoung

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

Korean Abstract: 러시아는 2008년 위기 이전까지 고유가를 기반으로 급속한 경제성장을 이루었으며, 세계경제를 주도하는 G8의 일원이자 중국과 함께 신흥경제대국들을 의미하는 BRICS의 리더였다. 그러나 2008~09년 글로벌 금융위기로 인해 경제성장률이 -7.8%까지 하락하면서 심각한 고통을 겪어야만 했다. 이에 따라 러시아 경제의 구조적 문제로 지적되어오던 에너지 자원에 대한 과도한 의존에서 벗어나 새로운 성장 동력을 확보할 필요성이 제기되었다. 특히, 유가가 다시 회복되었음에도 불구하고 2010년부터 연속적으로 하락하는 경제성장률은 2000년대 초·중반 고도성장을 견인했던 성장모델의 한계를 의미하는 것이었다. 이 때문에 2009년 메드베데프 당시 대통령은 그동안 경제구조 다각화를 위해 수행해오던 산업정책의 연장선에서 경제현대화 정책을 공식화하고, 에너지 효율성, 원자력기술, 정보기술 및 통신, 우주기술, 의료·제약 분야를 5대 우선분야로 선정했다. 러시아의 경제현대화 정책의 목표는 에너지 자원 수출 기반 성장모델을 혁신사회 기반 발전 모델로 전환하는데 있다. 그리고 이를 위해 러시아 정부는경쟁적 비교우위를 가지고 있거나 발전 잠재력을 가지고 있는 우선분야를 중심으로 세계시장에서 자국 기술의 선도적 입지를 강화하는 선도형 발전 전략과 외부로부터 기술 수입을 통해 국내 기술을 발전시키는 추격형 발전 전략을 수행하고 있다. 제도적 메커니즘 차원에서 경제현대화 정책은 정책 조정 기관인 대통령 산하 경제현대화·혁신발전회의를 중심으로 혁신 프로젝트 수행·지원 역할을 하고 있는 전략 이니셔티브청, 스콜코보 재단, 과학기술 분야 소규모 혁신기업 지원 재단, 러시아벤처컴퍼니, 대외경제은행, 로스나노 등 다양한 기관들 간 협조체계 하에 추진되고 있다. 프로그램 차원에서 러시아 정부는 2011년 12월 ‘2020년까지 러시아연방 혁신발전전략’을 확정하면서 경제현대화 정책의 포괄적인 방향을 제시했고, 이어서 2014년에는 경제현대화 정책의 5대 우선분야에 관련된 국가 프로그램 ‘에너지 효율성 및 에너지 개발’, ‘원자력 산업단지 발전', ‘정보사회 2011-2020’, '우주활동 2013-2020’, ‘제약 및 의료산업 발전'을 확정했다. 현재 러시아 정부의 경제현대화 정책의 평가, 성과와 한계에 대해서는 다양한 견해가 공존하고 있으나, 전반적으로 전문가들은 경제현대화가 러시아 경제의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 합법칙적인 정책방향이며, 경제현대화 정책의 성공여부는 정부의 의지, 효율적인 메커니즘 운영, 강도 높은 구조개혁을 통한 투자환경 조성, 정책적·금융적 수단을 통한 민간 중소기업의 혁신의지 촉진 등에 달려있다는 점에 인식을 같이하고 있다. English Abstract: Russia achieved a rapid economic growth till 2008 thanks to high oil prices. The country proudly stood as a member of G8 and a leading economy of BRICS group. However, the Global financial crisis in 2008~09 ruthlessly battered the Russian economy, bringing about 7.8% reduction of GDP. The economy's excessive dependence on energy resources was pointed out as the major culprit of the harsh effect. The recovery of oil prices could not put Russian economic growth rate back on track. Rather, it steadily slowed down since 2010. Russia's economic growth model, which led to high economic growth till the mid 2000s, was reaching its limit. Thus, securing new growth engine came to the forefront of Russia's economic policy agenda. Against this backdrop, then-president Medvedev announced the economic modernization policy as part of the industrial policy aimed for structural diversification of the economy. The five industries including energy efficiency, nuclear technology, ICT, space technology, and medical and pharmaceutical technology were selected as key priority sectors. The goal of Russia's economic modernization policy is to transform the heavily-energy-dependent economy to the innovation-based economy. For this, the Russian government set up an advancing development strategy; enhancing the leading position in the technology sectors, where Russia has comparative advantage or development potential. At the same time, a catch-up development strategy - developing technologies through imports or technology-transfer - was adopted. Institutional mechanisms of the economic modernization policy consisted of a policy coordinating body and a number of implementing organizations. Specifically, the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Economic Modernization and Innovative Development of Russia coordinates policies. Agency for Strategic Initiatives, Skolkovo Foundation, Russia Venture Company, Vnesheconombank, Rusnano implement and support innovation projects through cooperation among and beyond them. In December 2011 the Russian government presented comprehensive direction of the economic modernization policy with the 'Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020.' Then, in 2014 government programs on the key five industries of economic modernization policy were confirmed. Those are 'Energy efficiency and energy development', 'Development of Nuclear Power Complex', 'Information Society in 2011-2020', 'Space Activity of Russia in 2013-2020', and 'Development of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industry.' There are a variety of views on achievements and limits of Russia's economic modernization policy. Meanwhile, experts agree in general that economic modernization is an adequate policy direction for sustainable development, and that the government's willingness, efficient operation of mechanism, improving the investment environment through intensive structural reforms, promoting innovation of SMEs through political and financial methods are critical factors for successful realization of the policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeh , Sung Hoon & Kang , Boogyun & Min , Jiyoung, 2015. "러시아의 '경제현대화' 정책과 한·러 협력방안 (Russia's Economic Modernization Policy and Implication for Cooperation between Korea and Russia)," Policy Analyses 15-25, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kieppa:2015_025
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2779404
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    Keywords

    Economic Reform; Industrial Policy; Modernize The Economy; Russia;
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