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중국의 소비 주도형 성장 전략 평가 (Study on China's Consumption Based Growth Strategy)

Author

Listed:
  • Lee , Chang Kyu

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Jin , Furong

    (Incheon National University)

  • Choi , Philip Pilsoo

    (Sejong University)

  • Na , Su Yeob

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Kim , Youngsun

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Cho , Koun

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Lee , Hyo-jin

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

Korean Abstract: 중국은 개혁‧개방 이후 2011년까지 투자와 수출에 의존하여 연평균 약 10%의 고속성장을 해왔다. 하지만, 이러한 성장 방식에 한계를 느낀 중국정부는 제12차 5개년 규획(2011~2015년)을 통해 투자 주도에서 소비 주도로 경제성장 방식의 전환을 추진해오고 있다. 이는 성장률 하락을 용인하더라도 경제성장에서 투자에 대한 의존도를 줄이고 소비를 확대하겠다는 의지로 풀이된다. 그러나 2012년 이후 글로벌 경기침체가 지속되면서 수출 부진과 투자 및 소비 둔화로 인해 경제성장률이 7%대를 기록하여 이른바 ‘뉴노멀 시대’에 진입하였다. 특히 2011년 이후 소비 증가율이 둔화되고 있어 중국 내수시장의 성장 속도에 대한 전망이 초미의 관심사가 되고 있는 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 중국정부의 정책적 의도와 달리 소비가 기대만큼 활성화되지 못하고 있는 원인을 실증분석을 통해 규명하고, 소비진작 정책을 살펴봄으로써 중국의 소비 주도형 성장 전략을 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 이를 통해 한국경제에 미치는 영향을 진단하고 ‘뉴노멀 시대’ 우리의 대중 전략 수립을 위해 시사점을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 여섯 개 장으로 구성되어 있다. 서론에 이어 제2장에서는 글로벌 금융위기 이후 추진되고 있는 중국정부의 소비촉진정책을 다루었다. 특히 제12차 5개년 규획시기부터 본격적으로 추진되고 있는 가계저축률 축소 전략(농민공의 시민화, 사회보장 확대, 소비자금융 확대), 가계 가처분소득 증대 전략(임금 인상, 서비스업 진흥, 위안화 절상, 직접보조금 지급), 소비구조 전환 전략(산아제한 완화, 주거비용 비중 축소)의 세 가지 측면에서 살펴보았다. 제3장에서는 중국의 소비 현황을 파악하기 위해 가계소비 규모, 소비 격차, 소비구조, 품목별 소비시장 동향을 살펴보았다. 제4장에서는 소득불균형 심화, 인구구조 변화, 미흡한 사회보장제도, 낮은 도시화율, 소비자금융 발달 부진, 높은 주택가격을 중국의 소비 제약 요인으로 제시하고 각각의 실태를 파악하였다. 2009년 이후 도농 간 소득격차가 다소 줄었으나, 지역 간(동부연해지역과 서부내륙지역) 소득격차와 지니계수로 본 계층 간 소득격차는 여전히 큰 것으로 나타났다. 제5장에서는 중국의 소비 결정요인을 규명하기 위해 중국 성별 데이터를 활용하여 실증분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과 중국의 소비에 영향을 미치는 결정적인 요인으로는 경제성장과 경제발전 수준, 가계소득, 투자, 노인부양비율, 서비스업 발전수준, 금융 발전수준, 도시화, 교육지출, 최저임금인상 등으로 나타났다. 경제성장과 경제발전 수준은 소비에 유의미한 마이너스 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. English Abstract: China heavily depended on investment and exports for economic growth since its opening up and reform, successfully maintaining an average annual growth rate of 10% until 2011. But the Chinese government, realizing the limits of such investment-driven growth model, has been pushing for a paradigm shift to a consumption-driven growth since the 12th Five Year Plan (2011~2015). This shows the government’s firm will to lower its dependence on investment for economic growth and expand consumption, even at the cost of declining growth rate. But since 2012, global sluggish economy has led to a slowdown of exports, investments and consumption, causing China's economic growth to dwindle down to a whopping 7% and thus, signaling the country's entrance into the "era of new normal." Considering such background, this research aims to investigate why consumption has not been vitalized to the extent the Chinese government wanted, using an empirical analysis; it also seeks to evaluate the China's efforts to boost consumption, and, from them, its consumption-driven growth strategy. Finally, this study analyzes the impact China's consumption-oriented growth model has on the Korean economy, presenting several suggestions for establishing Korea's new China strategy in this "era of new normal." This paper is divided into six chapters. After the Introduction, Chapter 2 looks into the Chinese government policies to boost consumption, which it began in earnest after the Global Financial Crisis. Three main policies are especially emphasized: China's strategy to decrease household saving rate, its strategy to increase household disposable income and its strategy to change the consumption structure. In Chapter 3, this paper investigates the trend of China's household consumption, its consumption gap across various strata, its consumption structure and the trend of the consumption market according to industry sectors. As an index that reveals China’s consumption expenditure, China's household consumption increased more than five-fold from around 4 trillion 700 billion yuan in 2000 to around 24 trillion 150 billion yuan in 2014. But income disparity, an unwelcomed side effect of China's high-speed growth, is widening the consumption gap between urban and rural areas, between classes, and between regions. China's retail sales growth, which had been in a steady rise since 2000, has slowed down after 2010. In Chapter 5, this paper uses province-level data to conduct an empirical analysis to examine factors that determine China's domestic consumption. The results show that factors including economic growth, level of economic development, household income, investment, elderly support ratio, development of the service sector, financial development, urbanization, education expenditure, and the rise in the minimum wage are mainly responsible for influencing China's domestic consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee , Chang Kyu & Jin , Furong & Choi , Philip Pilsoo & Na , Su Yeob & Kim , Youngsun & Cho , Koun & Lee , Hyo-jin, 2015. "중국의 소비 주도형 성장 전략 평가 (Study on China's Consumption Based Growth Strategy)," Policy Analyses 15-10, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kieppa:2015_010
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2778436
    Note: Downloadable document is in Korean.
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