다자원조의 효과적 실행을 위한 통합추진전략 (Korea's Multilateral Aid: Recent Developments and Future Challenges)

Korean Abstract: 국제사회의 지구적 과제와 국제 공공재에 대한 지원이 확대되면서 다자기구(Multilateral Organization)의 역할이 보다 중요해지고 있다. 최근 주요 선진공여국의 경우 빈곤퇴치 목표의 효율적 달성, 양자원조와의 연계 강화, 다자기구에서의 영향력 확대를 위한 수단으로 다자원조를 적극 활용하고 있다. 특히 국제기구를 활용한 지정기여 방식의 '다자성 양자(multi-bi)' 원조가 크게 늘어나고 있는데, 국제기구를 통한 지정기여 방식의 ODA는 '다자원조의 양자화(bilateralization)'라는 측면에서 새롭게 주목을 받고 있다. 한국은 OECD/DAC 가입을 계기로 원조 효과성 제고를 위한 다양한 노력을 기울이고 있으나, 여전히 다자원조에 대한 국가차원의 체계적이고 통합된 전략이 수립되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 우리나라 다자원조의 효과성, 효율성 제고라는 측면에서 부처별로 분산되어 있는 국제기구에 대한 지원을 효과적으로 실행하기 위한 다자원조의 통합적 추진전략과 정책과제를 도출하는 데 중점을 두고 있다. 다자원조 확대 추세 속에서 다자원조를 대외전략의 일환으로 활용하고 ODA 효과성을 제고하기 위해 양자원조와 유기적 연계 및 통합적인 조정방안 마련에도 기여하고자 한다. 이를 토대로 ODA 시스템 선진화를 위한 ‘제2차 국제개발협력 기본계획(2016∼20)’ 수립을 위한 다자원조 전략과 주요 정책과제를 도출하고자 한다. English Abstract: Amid the growing demands in addressing cross-border issues such as climate change, disaster relief and conflict, there is an increasing consensus on the importance of multilateral organizations in international development. Traditional donors invest in multilateral co-operation in an effort to help achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), create synergy with bilateral co-operation and increase influence in global development fora. One of the most significant trends in multilateral development is the sustained growth of non-core multi-bi aid over the past few years and subsequent bilateralization of multilateral aid. While South Korea has attempted to implement various policy measures to enhance its aid effectiveness since joining the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the newly-emerging donor has yet to establish a coherent, government-wide multilateral strategy. The fragmentation of multilateral aid among line ministries and agencies as well as the lack of strategic guidance on multilateral resource allocation are regarded as major challenges undermining the effectiveness of the Korea 's multilateral aid system. In this context, the paper aims to propose policy directions for Korea's future multilateral strategy and possible measures to improve its multilateral effectiveness by analyzing the current status of Korea's multilateral aid system. The paper is expected to provide key policy implications for the multilateral chapter in the upcoming Strategic Plan for International Development Cooperation for 2016-2020, which represents the second phase of the basic framework for Korea's ODA policy. The paper begins by analyzing trends and major issues in the global system for multilateral aid. The continuous rise of non-core multilateral aid was one of the most significant trend over the past few years. It was noted that the emergence of new contributors, such as BRICS countries and the private sector, led to the diversification of multilateral donors. In the context of growing demand for accountability and transparency due to budget constraints, various approaches for evaluating multilateral effectiveness such as Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN) and those of bilateral donors were examined. The following chapters analyze the current status and challenges in Korea's multilateral aid to UN agencies, global funds and Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). Acknowledging the general rise of multilateral aid, it has been shown that non-core funding to UN agencies by more than 17 ministries and government agencies resulted in a high level of multilateral fragmentation. As attention toward global public goods increases, the paper suggests that Korea needs to engage in more active investment in global funds, mobilizing not only traditional ODA but also innovative development financing. Chapter 4 examines the current trends in co-operation with the World Bank, ADB, IDB and AfDB, focusing on the performance and management of trust funds. Based on the previous chapters, Chapter 5 provides a set of policy recommendations to enhance Korea's multilateral development cooperation. It was proposed that the Korean Government must state multilateralism as one of key pillars in its development cooperation. While focusing on core funding, it was recommended that non-core funding be used strategically to enhance the multi-bi linkage and strengthen domestic accountability. Accordingly, it was argued that Korea should take a more decentralised approach by increasing multi-bi projects and programmes with multilateral country offices. Followed by suggestions on Korea's multilateral principles, the paper proposes the appropriate volume and share of multilateral aid as a percentage of total ODA. In order to ensure the accountability of multilateral allocation for core funding, it was recommended that assessment of multilateral organizations be undertaken by looking at the existing performance results of the MOPAN and other bilateral donors while considering their strategic relevance to Korea's development priorities. For non-core funding such as trust funds, Korea as a donor should ensure result-based managements of trust funds by multilateral organizations. The paper concludes with suggestions to improve the management and operation of Korea's multilateral aid. Case in point, fragmentation in UN cooperation is an issue that stands out in Korea's multilateral aid as too many ministries and public agencies channel multilateral funding to UN agencies. To address this issue, it was advised that inter-ministerial partnership mechanism be set up, led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and participated by line ministries. The predictability of multilateral allocation is another issue to be addressed in terms of effectiveness. Recognizing the importance of the private sector in development financing, it was pointed out as critical to engage in joint efforts with the international community to mobilize more private resources in multilateral financing. In ending, the paper recommends that Korea build up its multilateral management capacity as a donor and develop human resources with expertise in multilateral cooperation.