해외 정책금융기관 활용을 통한 아프리카 건설·플랜트 시장진출 방안 (The Role of International Development Finance Institutions in Financing Infrastructure in Africa and Its Implications for Korea)

Korean Abstract:내전과 빈곤으로 얼룩졌던 아프리카가 2000년대에 들어 새로운 기회의 시장으로 부상함에 따라 우리 정부와 기업들의 관심이 그 어느 때보다도 높아지고 있다. 이러한 사실은 최근 국내 건설업체를 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통해서도 잘 나타나고 있는데, 아프리카에 대한 관심이 중동과 아시아 등 다른 시장에 비해 월등히 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 사실, 최근 들어 아프리카에서는 ‘불도저와 망치 소리가 총소리를 대신하고 있다’는 표현이 무색할 정도로 건설 붐이 조성되고 있다. 하지만 그 이면에는 후진적인 사업 환경과 정정불안, 계약위반 등과 같은 여러 위험들이 상존해 있어 우리 기업의 진출을 어렵게 하고 있다. 이러한 아프리카 리스크는 국내 공적수출신용기관(ECA)의 금융지원 제약으로 이어질 수밖에 없는데, 이를 해소하기 위한 방안의 하나로 해외 정책금융기관과의 금융협력에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이러한 배경과 문제인식하에 본 연구는 다자 및 양자 개발금융기관(DFI) 등 해외 정책금융기관들의 아프리카 지원현황 및 정책에 대해 살펴보고, 주요 프로젝트들을 대상으로 이들의 금융지원 사례를 심층적으로 분석했다. 나아가 아프리카에 대한 국내 공적수출신용기관의 현실적인 금융지원의 한계를 극복하기 위한 수단의 하나로 해외 정책금융기관 활용방안을 제시했다. English Abstract: Africa, once a land of ceaseless civil wars and abject poverty, is now emerging as a continent of new potentials and opportunities, drawing attention from governments and corporations worldwide. The growing interest in Africa is evident in a recent opinion poll involving construction companies in Korea. The respondents’ interest in Africa was much higher than that in either the Middle East or Asia. It is no exaggeration to say that the sound of bulldozers and hammers are fast replacing the sound of guns on the continent, whose demand for construction is growing explosively. In line with this, however, the backward business environment in general, continuing political instability, and breaches of contracts that are still prevalent throughout the region make Korean corporations reluctant to enter into the African market. Furthermore, these risks limit the amount of financial support that Korean export credit agencies (ECAs) provide. It is believed that one way to overcome this is to foster financial cooperation with policy financing bodies overseas. This study surveys the types and amount of financial resources that overseas policy financing bodies, such as development finance institutions (DFIs), provide for Africa, and makes in‐depth analysis of major projects in Africa financed by them. Moreover, this study explores how Korean ECAs and investors can use partnership with financial institutions worldwide to provide greater finance for Africa. This study finds the following characteristics and attributes in the financial support that DFIs have been providing for Africa. Firstly, DFIs are increasing their support for Africa, particularly prioritizing projects on infrastructure development. The World Bank (i.e., the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)), for instance, allocated 20% of all loans it provided in 2012 on Africa, which was spent on a wide range of development projects, including plant construction, roads, bridges, water resources, and wireless communication networks. International Financial Corporation (IFC), which has traditionally focused on Central Asia and Latin America, has also been increasing its financial assistance for Africa in the recent years. Whereas IFC's assistance for Africa stood at USD 278 million in 2002, it multiplied by over 13 times to reach USD 3.7 billion by 2012. Much of IFC's investments and loans for Africa concerns infrastructure development, amounting to over USD 1 billion in 2012. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) encourages and guarantees private‐sector investments in developing countries. It has played a pivotal role in the development of Africa by providing guarantees for multiple projects. MIGA's attention these days is on assisting postwar reconstruction in countries coping with the aftereffects of civil wars. In 2012, 34% of the number of projects guaranteed by MIGA was allocated to sub‐Saharan Africa, representing 24% of the total value of investments the agency guaranteed. The European Investment Bank (EIB) is another major source of finance for Africa's development projects. The EU‐Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund (ITF) which the bank established in 2007, has been crucial to the expansion of infrastructure in Africa. The