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한국 기발효 FTA의 경제적 효과 분석 (The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Economic Performance in Korea)

Author

Listed:
  • Bae , Chankwon

    (Independent)

  • Kim , Jeong-Gon

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Keum , Hye Yoon

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

  • Jang , Yong Joon

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Abstract

우리나라는 2000년대 들어 적극적인 FTA 정책을 추구하여 칠레, ASEAN, 미국, EU 등 세계 45개국과 이미 FTA를 체결하였으며, 지속적으로 FTA 네트 워크를 확장해가고 있다. 이와 같은 우리나라 FTA 네트워크의 글로벌화에도 불구하고 FTA의 경제적 효과를 둘러싼 논쟁은 아직도 끊이지 않고 있다. 따라서 우리나라가 체결한 FTA가 사후에 국내 경제에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는 가에 대한 분석이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 우리나라의 기발효 FTA에 대한 기존 연구는 주로 FTA의 수출 효과에 초점이 맞추어져 있으며, 그나마 FTA 발효 후 경과 기간이 가장 긴 한 칠레 FTA에 집중되어 있다. FTA는 교역과 해외 직접투자의 확대 그리고 생산성 향상 등 다양한 경로를 통해 고용을 창출하고 장기적 경제성장에 기여한다. 그러므로 FTA의 수출 또는 무역수지 효과만을 강조한 경제적 효과 분석은 FTA의 실효성에 대한 그릇된 결론으로 귀결될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 우리나라의 기발효 FTA가 그것의 궁극적 목표인 장기적 경제성장에 이르는 경로로서 수출과 수입, 해외직접투자 그리고 생산성과 고용에 미친 영향을 살펴보았다. 데이터의 한계로 인해 작년과 올해 발효된 한 EU, 한 미 FTA를 제외하고 한 칠레, 한 싱가포르, 한 EFTA 그리고 한 ASEAN FTA를 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 본 연구의 제2장에서는 이상에서 언급한 우리나라 기발효 FTA의 주요 내 용과 FTA 체결 전에 수행되었던 경제적 효과 분석 결과를 정리하였다. 사전에 예측된 기발효 FTA의 경제적 효과는 연구마다 다소 차이가 존재하긴 하나, FTA로 인해 공통적으로 수출과 수입이 증가하고 장기 경제성장률이 높아질 것임을 말하고 있다. Korea has steadily expanded its FTA network since the Korea-Chile FTA in 2004. Currently, Korea has FTAs with 45 trading partners including the world’s top three economic blocs, the U.S., EU, and ASEAN plus India. It is expected that nearly half of Korea’s total trade volume will be carried out with its FTA partners, taking into account of the Korea-China FTA, under current negotiation. This study sheds light on the economic impact of FTAs in Korea, focusing on the agreements with Chile, Singapore, ASEAN, and EFTA. In particular, the study aims to identify how the FTAs affect exports and imports, outward and inward FDIs, and productivity and employment as the channels through which they ultimately lead to economic growth in Korea. The findings from this study are as follows: first, the FTAs have promoted trade between Korea and its FTA partners by fostering closer bilateral economic relations as well as reducing bilateral tariff rates. Korea has diverted its suppliers of raw materials and capital goods to its various partner countries such as Chile, ASEAN, and EFTA through the FTAs. Second, the number of firms, particularly SMEs, that newly enter the export market has rapidly increased since the FTAs, and the new entrants and SMEs experienced a higher export growth rate than the existing large exporters during the post-FTA periods. Hence it is revealed that the FTAs have played a significant role in the extensive margin of exports. Third, there has been an upsurge in overseas investments made by Korean companies through the FTAs. The FTAs have encouraged vertical investments in the developing countries as cheap manufacturing bases and horizontal investments in the services sectors of the developed countries. Meanwhile, this study shows that the FTAs have stimulated the inflow of FDIs to Korea, mainly from the high income partners. Fourth, it is estimated that the FTAs have contributed to the increases in productivity and employment of firms that export to the FTA partners. In particular, the impact on productivity of the FTAs tended to be magnified over time while their impact on employment was mostly delivered in less than 3 years after the inception of the FTAs.

Suggested Citation

  • Bae , Chankwon & Kim , Jeong-Gon & Keum , Hye Yoon & Jang , Yong Joon, 2012. "한국 기발효 FTA의 경제적 효과 분석 (The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Economic Performance in Korea)," Policy Analyses 12-3, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kieppa:2012_003
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2317777
    Note: Downloadable document is in Korean.
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