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글로벌 고부채 동향 및 거시경제적 함의(Global Trends in High Debt Levels and Their Macroeconomic Implications)

Author

Listed:
  • Hongseok Choi

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP))

  • Jee Won Park

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP))

  • Hayun Song

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP))

  • ByeongJun Lee

    (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP))

  • Kotbee Shin

    (CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY)

Abstract

2020년 코로나19 팬데믹이라는 미증유의 위기를 맞아 각국 정부와 중앙은행은 막대한 규모의 재정을 투입하고 유동성을 공급하였다. 이 과감한 대응은 최악의 경기침체를 막는 데는 성공하였으나 그 결과 세계는 역사상 유례없는 수준의 부채를 마주하게 되었다. IIF(국제금융협회)에 따르면 글로벌 부채는 2025년 1/4분기에 324조 달러(약 45경 2,500조 원)를 상회하였는데, 이는 글로벌 GDP의 약 3배에 달하는, “나폴레옹 전쟁 이후 볼 수 없었던 수준”의 부채이다. 그리고 해당 분기 동안 글로벌 부채는 7조 5천억 달러 증가하였는데 이 역시 2022년 말 이래 분기당 평균치 1조 7천억 달러에 비하면 4배 이상 높은 수치로서, 글로벌 고부채 문제가 팬데믹 이후 해소되기는커녕 악화일로를 걷고 있음을 보여준다. 이에 본 보고서에서는 팬데믹 이후 고부채 문제의 구조를 재검토하고 각 경제권의 취약성을 면밀히 분석하여 선제적인 정책 대응의 근거를 마련하고자 한다. In response to the unprecedented crisis triggered by the COVID- 19 pandemic in 2020, governments and central banks around the world injected massive fiscal stimulus and liquidity support. These bold policy measures succeeded in averting the worst recession, but as a consequence, the world is now facing historically high levels of debt. According to the Institute of International Finance, global debt surpassed USD 324 trillion in the first quarter of 2025-roughly three times the size of global GDP and “[a level unseen] since the Napoleonic Wars.” Moreover, global debt increased by USD 7.5 trillion during the same quarter, more than four times the quarterly average increase of USD 1.7 trillion since late 2022, indicating that the global debt problem has worsened rather than eased after the pandemic. Against this backdrop, this report reassesses the structure of the post-pandemic high-debt environment, analyzes vulnerabilities across advanced economies, emerging markets, and Korea, and derives policy implications for proactive responses.

Suggested Citation

  • Hongseok Choi & Jee Won Park & Hayun Song & ByeongJun Lee & Kotbee Shin, 2025. "글로벌 고부채 동향 및 거시경제적 함의(Global Trends in High Debt Levels and Their Macroeconomic Implications)," Policy Analyses 25-11, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:kieppa:022528
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