رهیافت های جدید در نظریه و سیاستهای تجارت بین الملل[Emerging Approaches in International Trade Theory and Policy]

In recent decades, a range of new approaches has emerged in international trade theory, largely in response to the limitations of classical and neoclassical models in explaining the dynamics of global trade. Classical theories, such as Smith’s concept of absolute advantage and Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage, together with the neoclassical Heckscher–Ohlin model, provided the foundation for early trade analysis. However, these frameworks proved insufficient to account for the increasing complexity of international trade, particularly the rise of intra-industry and intra-firm exchanges. This article introduces five contemporary approaches to international trade theory and situates their development within the broader transformation of global trade structures. It reviews the theory of competitive advantage, the product life-cycle theory, the preference similarity hypothesis, and other modern responses to long-standing questions in international trade. Furthermore, the paper examines the experience of Japan as a case study to illustrate how these new perspectives provide deeper insights into the mechanisms of trade in practice. The study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of international trade by highlighting the shift from traditional to modern theoretical frameworks and by identifying the policy implications of these new approaches.