اقتصادهای کوچک، انتقال فناوری و تامین مالی در سازمان جهانی تجارت[Small economies, transfer of technology and finance in the regulations of the World Trade Organization]

Three economic, financial, and technical issues—namely trade and small economies; trade and technology transfer; and trade, debt, and financing—are among the topics related to trade that are currently being discussed and examined within the multilateral trading system and international trade policy literature. Small economies are seeking to benefit from special treatment within the multilateral trading system. Criteria such as population size, per capita income, and share in global trade have been proposed for identifying these economies. The most important characteristics of small economies, which have made them particularly vulnerable in the context of globalization, are listed in this article, along with their positions in agricultural negotiations and market access for non-agricultural products concerning regulations on special treatment. Additionally, the article refers to some World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations that are potentially relevant to small economies. The aim of the discussion on trade and technology transfer is to provide recommendations within the framework of WTO regulations to enhance the dissemination of technology to developing countries through trade. The issue of technology and its transfer is addressed in five WTO agreements, which are outlined in the article. On the other hand, the expansion of international trade depends on the existence of a well-functioning international financial system. Elements related to financing—such as exchange rates, financial resource flows, and balance of payments—play a role in trade financing, especially in times of financial crisis. Furthermore, external debt affects countries' ability to benefit from the multilateral trading system. Therefore, improving market access requires reducing external debt. WTO regulations related to financing are discussed in seven areas in the article.