Guerilla eugenics: Gene drives in heritable human genome editing

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing can and has altered human genomes, bringing bioethical debates about this capability to the forefront of philosophical and policy considerations. Here I consider the underexplored implications of CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives for heritable human genome editing (HHGE). Modification gene drives applied to HHGE would introduce a novel form of involuntary eugenic practice that I term guerilla eugenics. Once introduced into a genome, stealth genetic editing by a gene drive genetic element would occur each subsequent generation irrespective of whether reproductive partners consent to it and irrespective of whether the genetic change confers any benefit. High incidence of an initially-rare gene drive in small human communities could occur within 200 years, with evolutionary fixation globally on the order of 1000 years. Following any introduction of heritable gene drives into human genomes, practices intended for surveillance or reversal also create fundamental ethical problems. Current policy guidelines do not comment explicitly on gene drives in humans. These considerations motivate my call for decision-makers to declare an explicit moratorium on gene drive development in heritable human genome editing.