Mechanisms Are What You Need: A Sociological Theory Based on Adaptation, Evolution, and Human Behavior

This study posits that macro-social structures are not determined by macro-level laws but emerge from interactions among micro-level biological and psychological foundations of individuals. To this end, we first construct a novel micro-foundational model: the "Model of Cognition and Practice Governed by the Desire Mechanism." Drawing on methodologies from computer science, we introduce analytical frameworks of "Variation and Evolution" and "System Adaptation" to facilitate the study of systemic macro-level manifestations and their underlying causes. Building on this foundation, we demonstrate how macro-level regularities, including those empirical patterns accurately identified by Marxism, emerge and evolve from micro-level mechanisms. Ultimately, this research develops theoretical tools such as "Social Internal and External Adaptation and Their Co-adaptation" and the "Social Ripple Model," applying them to interpret several contentious historical issues. This study aims to transcend the traditional dichotomy between reductionism and holism, establishing a mechanistic theoretical framework for sociology that is compatible with contemporary natural sciences.