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Transición energética y minería en el Sur Global

Author

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  • Stacciarini, João Henrique Santana

    (Federal University of Goiás)

  • Gonçalves, Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes

Abstract

El agravamiento de las problemáticas ambientales, sociales y económicas asociadas al uso de combustibles fósiles intensifica la urgencia de una transición hacia fuentes de energía renovables, impulsando la adopción de tecnologías como paneles solares, turbinas eólicas y vehículos eléctricos. Aunque frecuentemente promovidas como soluciones sostenibles, estas tecnologías presentan características intrínsecas - como menor densidad energética, vida útil reducida y limitaciones en los procesos de reciclaje - que incrementan la dependencia de minerales, muchos de ellos clasificados como “críticos”. Este artículo busca contribuir al debate mediante el análisis de los impactos del aumento significativo en la demanda de estos recursos. Con base en la definición de minerales críticos de la Agencia Internacional de Energías Renovables - que incluye cobalto, níquel, cobre, litio y metales de tierras raras -, se realizó una amplia recopilación, sistematización y análisis de datos a escala global, identificando los principales países productores y los contextos socioambientales asociados a su extracción. Los resultados evidencian la reproducción de un patrón histórico: la mayor parte de estos minerales se extrae en países del Sur Global, especialmente en África, Asia y América Latina, donde las normativas ambientales, sociales y económicas tienden a ser más flexibles, favoreciendo a grandes corporaciones transnacionales. Se constató, además, que la extracción de estos minerales suele estar asociada a impactos socioambientales graves, como contaminación intensa, exposición de trabajadores a metales tóxicos y financiamiento de milicias vinculadas a regímenes autoritarios. Estas cuestiones, aún poco discutidas en el discurso dominante sobre la temática, requieren una mayor atención por parte de la comunidad científica y de la sociedad en general, a fin de promover una transición energética verdaderamente justa a escala global.

Suggested Citation

  • Stacciarini, João Henrique Santana & Gonçalves, Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes, 2025. "Transición energética y minería en el Sur Global," SocArXiv bc4q6_v1, Center for Open Science.
    • Handle: RePEc:osf:socarx:bc4q6_v1
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/bc4q6_v1
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