Legislating Flexibility in the Post-Pandemic Workplace

Working parents and caregivers in the United States struggle to balance the dual demands of work and care. Many working caregivers need flexible work arrangements (FWAs)—changes to their hours, schedule, or location—to allow them to balance work and care. But access to flexibility remains out of reach for many workers and is least accessible to the most marginalized. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored this problem, as huge numbers of women dropped out of the workforce to care for family. While no federal or state law requires employers to grant FWAs to caregivers, several states and localities have passed “right to request” laws, which establish steps employers must follow when workers ask for flexibility. Several cities go further to provide caregivers with limited rights to FWAs. One city, San Francisco, responded to the pandemic by granting caregivers robust legal rights to FWAs. This Article offers the first analysis of FWA laws since the start of the pandemic and since passage of the nation’s strongest FWA law in San Francisco. This Article uses three case studies to interrogate how FWA statutes across the country protect or fail working caregivers and exposes gaps in protection. Using San Francisco’s law as a model, this Article argues that other states and cities should respond to the crisis of care exposed by the pandemic by passing comprehensive flexible workplace laws. This Article offers a roadmap for legislative action, recommending that future FWA laws should go beyond the right to request and grant broad, substantive protections that cover a diverse array of workers. Building on prior scholarship advocating for accommodation of caregivers in the workplace, this Article argues that legislative intervention is needed to ensure access to flexibility irrespective of income, education, race, or gender.