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Achievement Gaps by Parental Income and Education

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  • Sandsør, Astrid Marie Jorde

    (University of Oslo)

  • Zachrisson, Henrik Daae
  • Karoly, Lynn A.

Abstract

Socioeconomic achievement gaps measure the disparity in test scores between students from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds, commonly measured as a combination of parental income, education and occupation. However, educational data often limits the ability to create such measures of family background and link them to student test scores, leading researchers to arrive at different conclusions about levels and trends depending on the SES measure and estimation method. In this paper we disentangle the importance of each by using register data from Norway with precise measures of parental income and education. We show that results crucially depend on the SES measure, as parental income and education are not interchangeable measures of socioeconomic background. Achievement gaps by parental income in Norway are large, 0.55-0.93 standard deviations, and have increased by about 10% of a standard deviation over the 11-year time period we study, whereas achievement gaps by parental education are even larger, 0.86-1.15 standard deviations, but remain stable over the same period. Accounting for compositional changes in immigration decreases the magnitude of the gaps, whether measured by parental income or education, while trends remain the same.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandsør, Astrid Marie Jorde & Zachrisson, Henrik Daae & Karoly, Lynn A., 2021. "Achievement Gaps by Parental Income and Education," EdArXiv unvcy, Center for Open Science.
  • Handle: RePEc:osf:edarxi:unvcy
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/unvcy
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    Cited by:

    1. Ryan Bacic & Angela Zheng, 2022. "Income-Achievement Gaps in Canada," Department of Economics Working Papers 2022-04, McMaster University.
    2. Ryan Bacic & Angela Zheng, 2024. "Race and the Income‐Achievement Gap," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 62(1), pages 5-23, January.

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