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Reducing the health risks of the copper, rare earth and cobalt industries: Transition to a circular low-carbon economy

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  • Mike Holland

    (Imperial College)

Abstract

This paper considers the health and environmental burdens and impacts of the extraction and refining of selected metals (copper, rare earth elements and cobalt) and how impacts can be reduced through the transition to a circular, low-carbon economy. Performance in the global industry is extremely variable. Some businesses operate to high standards within a framework that facilitates the re-use and recycling of metals and other materials. Others cause significant harm to workers (including child labour) and the people and environment around their facilities. Mining for metal ore remains a highly hazardous occupation in some countries. Pollutant emission standards vary substantially between regions. Life cycle analysis has repeatedly demonstrated the benefits of recycling metals. The report includes a number of recommendations to policy makers and the metals and manufacturing industries.

Suggested Citation

  • Mike Holland, 2020. "Reducing the health risks of the copper, rare earth and cobalt industries: Transition to a circular low-carbon economy," OECD Green Growth Papers 2020/03, OECD Publishing.
    • Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2020/03-en
    DOI: 10.1787/88ce1db4-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhengai Dong & Lichen Zhang & Houjian Li & Yanhui Gong & Yue Jiang & Qiumei Peng, 2022. "Knowledge Mapping and Institutional Prospects on Circular Carbon Economy Based on Scientometric Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-25, September.
    2. Sokolovska, Olena, 2023. "Características de la cooperación entre Rusia y Brasil en la producción de metales de tierras raras [The features of Russian-Brazil cooperation in REE production]," MPRA Paper 118998, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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