What is driving homelessness and housing exclusion in OECD and EU countries?: A review of the literature and cross-national data

This paper examines the main drivers of homelessness and housing exclusion by bringing together evidence from the academic literature on homelessness and cross-national data on past housing difficulties. Research confirms that homelessness is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon shaped by the interaction of structural, systemic and individual factors. Poverty and adverse economic conditions emerge as fundamental drivers, alongside housing market pressures in some country contexts. Family conflict and relationship breakdown represent persistent pathways into homelessness, while health conditions tend to increase vulnerability rather than act as sole triggers. Survey evidence highlights that less visible forms of “hidden homelessness,” particularly temporary stays with family and friends, are more widespread than rough sleeping or shelter stays, but remain under-researched. The paper identifies remaining knowledge gaps, including limited geographic coverage and a high prevalence of unspecified causes, underscoring the need for improved data that can inform more targeted and preventative public policies.