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Estimating the distributional impact of the Greek crisis (2009-2014)

Author

Listed:
  • Chrysa Leventi

    (University of Essex)

  • Manos Matsaganis

    (Athens University of Economics and Business)

Abstract

Estimating the impact of the crisis on income distribution requires up-to-date information. Due to the complexity of income surveys such as EU-SILC, income data usually become available with considerable delay. In this context, micro-simulation models are an appropriate and widely used alternative to bridge the gap in official data, allowing for an early evaluation of the distributional impact of changes in tax-benefit policies and in the wider economy. This paper analyses the effects of the Greek crisis on inequality and poverty in 2009-2014 using the micro-simulation model EUROMOD. Specifically, the paper updates earlier OECD estimates of distributional effects of the crisis in 2009-2012, and provides new estimates for 2013-2014, a period for which survey data are not yet publicly available. The results indicate that inequality, as measured by most indicators, rose in 2010-2013 as the recession deepened and unemployment rose, and fell back in 2014 as the economy stabilised. Relative poverty seems to have increased in 2012, after remaining broadly unchanged in the previous two years; in 2013 it appears to have stabilised, while in 2014 it fell back to only slightly above its level in 2010 (13.8% vs.13.2% respectively). This pattern is more pronounced when poverty is measured against an “anchored” benchmark: the proportion of population whose income fell below a poverty line anchored in pre-crisis terms increased steadily and steeply, until 2014 when it finally stabilised at 27.4% (from 13.2% in 2010). Not all population groups were affected evenly by recent developments: the rise of poverty in 2010-2013 especially affected the unemployed, the self-employed, the young, the middle-aged, families living in Athens, families paying rent or mortgage rather than outright owning their dwelling; on the contrary, relative poverty actually fell among groups traditionally seen as ‘poor’, such as farmers and the elderly – although in the latter case the relative improvement in terms of income may have been offset by difficulties in access to health care. The paper also assesses first-round effects of austerity policies on the income distribution given changes in the wider economy, i.e. abstracting from second-round effects associated with the deflationary impact of austerity on output. In this sense, early austerity policies per se appear to have had a small positive distributional impact, partly offsetting the increases in inequality and poverty due to the recession. As fiscal consolidation intensified in 2012, tax and benefit policies appear to have exacerbated the adverse distributional effects of the recession, causing poverty and inequality to rise further. From 2013, austerity policies seem to have had a more equalizing effect, especially at the bottom of the distribution and in terms of its distance from the top. This working paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-greece.htm). Estimer les effets de la crise grecque sur la distribution des revenus (2009-2014) La présente étude s’appuie sur des modèles de microsimulation afin d’actualiser les estimations réalisées par l'OCDE quant aux effets de la crise sur les inégalités et la pauvreté en Grèce en 2009-2012, et en produire de nouvelles pour 2013-2014. À l’aune de la plupart des indicateurs utilisés pour les mesurer, les inégalités se sont creusées en 2010-2013 parallèlement à l’aggravation de la récession et à la montée du chômage, pour reculer ensuite en 2014 à la faveur de la stabilisation de l’économie. Le taux de pauvreté relative semble avoir augmenté en 2012, après être resté globalement inchangé au cours des deux années précédentes. Il s’est ensuite stabilisé en 2013 pour retomber, en 2014, en deçà du niveau de 2012. Cette tendance est encore plus marquée lorsque la pauvreté est mesurée par rapport à un seuil « ancré ». Toutes les populations n’ont pas été touchées dans les mêmes proportions par l’aggravation de la pauvreté relative : la montée de la pauvreté en 2010-2013 a particulièrement touché les chômeurs, les travailleurs indépendants, les jeunes, les personnes d’âge moyen, les ménages résidant à Athènes, et les ménages qui paient un loyer ou remboursent un prêt immobilier. À l’inverse, la pauvreté relative a en fait reculé parmi les populations traditionnellement considérées comme « pauvres », comme les exploitants agricoles et les personnes âgées – même si, pour ces dernières, l’amélioration relative des revenus pourrait avoir été compensée par des difficultés d’accès aux services de santé. Il semble que les politiques d’austérité en elles-mêmes (hors effets de l’assainissement budgétaire sur la production) ont eu un modeste impact sur les inégalités et la pauvreté relative dans un premier temps, atténuant en partie les effets de la récession. Avec l’intensification de l’effort d’assainissement des finances publiques en 2012, les politiques fiscales et sociales semblent avoir favorisé une hausse de la pauvreté et des inégalités. Depuis 2013, les mesures d’austérité semblent avoir contribué à réduire les inégalités, surtout au bas de l’échelle de distribution des revenus et en termes d’écart entre le bas et le haut de la distribution. La part de la population dont le revenu est tombé sous le seuil de la pauvreté ancrée avant la crise a augmenté avec chaque cycle de mesures d’austérité, et la hausse régulière du chômage n’a fait qu’amplifier le mouvement, jusqu’en 2014 lorsqu’elle a fini par se stabiliser. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Grèce 2016 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-grece.htm).

Suggested Citation

  • Chrysa Leventi & Manos Matsaganis, 2016. "Estimating the distributional impact of the Greek crisis (2009-2014)," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1312, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1312-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlv2jl6c9f3-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Christian Daude, 2016. "Structural reforms to boost inclusive growth in Greece," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1298, OECD Publishing.
    2. Anastasia PANORI & Yannis PSYCHARIS, 2018. "The impact of the economic crisis on poverty and welfare in Athens," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 48, pages 23-40.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    distributional impact; impact distributif; imposition; inequality; inégalité; labour market; marché du travail; pauvreté; poverty; taxation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H22 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Incidence
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

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