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Monetary Policy and Inequality

Author

Listed:
  • Rory O’Farrell

    (OECD)

  • Łukasz Rawdanowicz

    (OECD)

  • Kei-Ichiro Inaba

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper analyses two-way interactions between monetary policy and inequality in selected advanced economies. In the context of a highly accommodative monetary stance over recent years, the analysis focuses on the effects of monetary policy on inequality over the business cycle via its impacts on returns on assets, the cost of debt servicing and asset prices. While monetary policy easing has a priori ambiguous effects on income and net wealth inequality, in practice these effects are estimated to be small. Cross-country differences in the size and distribution of income and net wealth explain contrasting effects. A house price increase generally reduces net wealth inequality, while the opposite is true for increases in equity and bond prices. Higher inequality can reduce the effectiveness of monetary policy stimulus in boosting private consumption, but such effects are estimated to be small. Cross-country differences in the size and composition of household financial assets rather than in their distribution are more relevant for differences in the effectiveness of monetary policy, especially via the wealth channel. Politique monétaire et inégalités Le présent article a pour objet d’analyser les interactions réciproques entre la politique monétaire et les inégalités dans certaines économies avancées. Dans le contexte d'une politique monétaire très accommodante au cours des dernières années, l'analyse se concentre sur les effets que la politique monétaire, par son impact sur les rendements des actifs, le coût du service de la dette et les prix des actifs, a eu sur les inégalités au cours du cycle conjoncturel. Si la politique monétaire accommodante a des effets a priori ambigus sur les inégalités de revenu et de richesse nette, dans la pratique, on estime que ces effets sont plutôt faibles. Les différences entre pays concernant le montant et la distribution des revenus et de richesse nette expliquent les divergences dans les effets. Une augmentation des prix des logements a généralement pour conséquence de réduire les inégalités de richesse nette, alors que l'augmentation des cours des actions et des obligations produit un effet contraire. Des inégalités élevées peuvent réduire l'efficacité des mesures de relance monétaire pour stimuler la consommation privée, mais on estime que ces effets sont faibles. Les différences entre pays en termes d’ampleur et de composition des actifs financiers des ménages sont plus pertinentes que les différences relevées dans leur distribution lorsqu’il s’agit d’apprécier l'efficacité de la politique monétaire, particulièrement via le canal de la richesse.

Suggested Citation

  • Rory O’Farrell & Łukasz Rawdanowicz & Kei-Ichiro Inaba, 2016. "Monetary Policy and Inequality," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1281, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1281-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm2hz2x9hxr-en
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    Keywords

    consumption wealth effects; effets de la richesse sur la consommation; income inequality; inégalités de revenu; inégalités de richesse nette; monetary policy; net wealth inequality; politique monétaire;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

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