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How can South Africa's tax system meet revenue raising challenges?

Author

Listed:
  • Christine Lewis

    (OECD)

  • Theresa Alton

Abstract

Reforms over the past two decades have produced a well-balanced, modern tax system. However, considerable revenues will be needed in the years ahead to expand social spending and infrastructure in order to raise growth and well-being. The challenge is to generate these revenues without penalising growth or exacerbating inequality. Income taxes represent around half of total tax revenue but are levied on small tax bases, partly reflecting the distribution of income. A revenue source less detrimental to growth is consumption taxes, which are mostly raised by the relatively broad value-added tax. Nonetheless, there is some scope to raise further revenue, particularly through broadening the base of these taxes further. Revenues from property taxation are currently limited by the inefficient municipal rates system, which does not function well. An important additional source of revenue is environmentally related taxes. In the design of the tax system, consideration should also be given to the appropriate taxation of the natural resources sector, which remains an important issue for a resource-rich country like South Africa. Le système fiscal en Afrique du Sud face à la nécessité de trouver des recettes Les réformes menées au cours des deux dernières décennies ont abouti à un système fiscal équilibré et moderne. Toutefois, des recettes considérables vont s’avérer nécessaires dans les années à venir pour renforcer les dépenses sociales et les infrastructures afin de favoriser la croissance et le bien-être. Toute la difficulté consistera à trouver ces recettes sans peser sur la croissance ni exacerber les inégalités. Les impôts sur le revenu représentent environ la moitié des recettes fiscales totales, mais leur assiette est étroite, ce qui s’explique pour partie par la distribution des revenus. Les impôts sur la consommation constituent une source de recettes moins pénalisante pour la croissance. Le principal impôt sur la consommation est la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, qui est dotée d’une assiette assez large. Toutefois, il serait possible d’obtenir davantage de recettes, notamment en élargissant l’assiette de ces impôts. Les recettes tirées des impôts fonciers sont limitées, pour l’heure, par le système fiscal en place à l’échelon municipal, qui ne fonctionne pas de façon satisfaisante. Les taxes liées à l’environnement constituent une autre source importante de recettes. Dans le cadre de la conception du système fiscal, il faudrait aussi s’efforcer d’imposer judicieusement le secteur des ressources naturelles ; cette question reste importante pour un pays tel que l’Afrique du Sud, où ces ressources sont considérables.

Suggested Citation

  • Christine Lewis & Theresa Alton, 2015. "How can South Africa's tax system meet revenue raising challenges?," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1276, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1276-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp1g0xztbr-en
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    Keywords

    Afrique du Sud; business taxes; consumption tax; fiscalité; fiscalité verte; green taxation; impôt sur le revenu; impôt sur les sociétés; income tax; natural resource taxation; property tax; South Africa; système fiscal; tax systems;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H27 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Other Sources of Revenue

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