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Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment, Introduction and Summary

Author

Listed:
  • Jonathan Gruber
  • Kevin Milligan
  • David A. Wise

Abstract

This is the introduction and summary to the fourth phase of an ongoing project on Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. The first phase described the retirement incentives inherent in plan provisions and documented the strong relationship across countries between social security incentives to retire and the proportion of older persons out of the labor force. The second phase documented the large effects that changing plan provisions would have on the labor force participation of older workers. The third phase demonstrated the consequent fiscal implications that extending labor force participation would have on net program costs--reducing government social security benefit payments and increasing government tax revenues. This volume presents the results of analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. Why countries introduced plan provisions that encouraged older persons to leave the labor force is unclear. After the fact, it is now often claimed that these provisions were introduced to provide more jobs for the young, assuming that fewer older persons in the labor force would open up more job opportunities for the young. Now, the same reasoning is often used to argue against efforts in the same countries to reduce or eliminate the incentives for older persons to leave the labor force, claiming that the consequent increase in the employment of older person would reduce the employment of younger persons. The validity of such claims is addressed in this volume.

Suggested Citation

  • Jonathan Gruber & Kevin Milligan & David A. Wise, 2009. "Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment, Introduction and Summary," NBER Working Papers 14647, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:14647
    Note: AG PE LS
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    Cited by:

    1. Irene Ferrari & Jan Kabátek & Todd Morris, 2023. "Longer careers: A barrier to hiring and coworker advancement?," Working Papers 2023:06, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
    2. Berde, Éva & Mágó, Mánuel László, 2021. "Életkori diszkrimináció a magyar munkaerőpiacon. Visszajelzések a fiatalabb, illetve az idősebb nők állásjelentkezéseire [Age discrimination in Hungarys labour market. Job-application responses for," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(4), pages 399-420.
    3. Ivan Suvorov, 2020. "Expected and Unexpected Consequences of Russian Pension Increase in 2010," Russian Journal of Money and Finance, Bank of Russia, vol. 79(1), pages 93-112, March.
    4. Tobias Laun & Johanna Wallenius, 2016. "Social Insurance and Retirement: A Cross-Country Perspective," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 22, pages 72-92, October.
    5. Berger, Johannes & Graf, Nikolaus & Schuh, Ulrich & Strohner, Ludwig, 2012. "Perspektiven der Beschäftigung älterer ArbeitnehmerInnen in Österreich," Research Papers 1, EcoAustria – Institute for Economic Research.
    6. Helmuth Cremer & Jean‐Marie Lozachmeur & Pierre Pestieau, 2008. "Social Security And Retirement Decision: A Positive And Normative Approach," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(2), pages 213-233, April.
    7. Ratna C. Purwestri & Miroslav Hájek & Miroslava Šodková & Vilém Jarský, 2020. "How Are Wood and Non-Wood Forest Products Utilized in the Czech Republic? A Preliminary Assessment of a Nationwide Survey on the Bioeconomy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-12, January.
    8. Anders, Forslund & Fredriksson, Peter, 2009. "Income support systems, labour supply incentives and employment – some cross-country evidence," Working Paper Series, Center for Labor Studies 2010:3, Uppsala University, Department of Economics.
    9. Zhang, Chuanchuan, 2012. "The relationship between elderly employment and youth employment: evidence from China," MPRA Paper 37221, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Zhao, Fang & Xu, Jiayi & Fang, Guanfu, 2022. "The heterogeneous effects of employment-based pension policies on employment: Evidence from urban China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    11. Rudolph, Alexandra & Priebe, Jan, 2015. "Pension programs around the world: determinants of social pension," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112986, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    12. David Wise, 2010. "Facilitating longer working lives: International evidence on why and how," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 47(1), pages 131-149, March.
    13. Bruno Contini, 2012. "Youth employment in Europe: do institutions and social capital explain better than mainstream economics?," European Journal of Comparative Economics, Cattaneo University (LIUC), vol. 9(2), pages 247-277, August.
    14. Zhang, Chuanchuan, 2012. "延迟退休年龄会挤出年轻人就业吗? [Will Postponing Retirement Crowd out Youth Employment?]," MPRA Paper 49811, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Nov 2012.
    15. Kiichi Tokuoka, 2012. "Intergenerational Implications of Fiscal Consolidation in Japan," IMF Working Papers 2012/197, International Monetary Fund.
    16. Ana Ostrovidov Jaksic & Ivan Jaksic, 2019. "How to prolong labour market participation in the Republic of Croatia?," Public Sector Economics, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 43(1), pages 79-108.
    17. Laun, Tobias & Wallenius, Johanna, 2015. "A life cycle model of health and retirement: The case of Swedish pension reform," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 127-136.
    18. Zhen Hu & James Yang, 2021. "Does Delayed Retirement Crowd Out Workforce Welfare? Evidence in China," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(4), pages 21582440211, November.
    19. David A. Wise, 2012. "Comment on "Entitlement Reforms in Europe: Policy Mixes in the Current Pension Reform Process"," NBER Chapters, in: Fiscal Policy after the Financial Crisis, pages 435-442, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    20. Daifeng He & Peter McHenry, 2016. "Does Formal Employment Reduce Informal Caregiving?," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(7), pages 829-843, July.
    21. Filip Chybalski, 2018. "Intergenerational fairness from an economic perspective: Overview of some theoretical and methodological issues," Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), Prague Development Center, vol. 14(2), pages 268-281, April.
    22. Lührmann, Melanie & Weiss, Matthias, 2010. "The effect of working time and labor force participation on unemployment: A new argument in an old debate," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 67-82, January.
    23. Adriaan Kalwij & Frederic Vermeulen, 2008. "Health and labour force participation of older people in Europe: What do objective health indicators add to the analysis?," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(5), pages 619-638, May.
    24. Mr. Waikei R Lam & Xiaoguang Liu & Mr. Alfred Schipke, 2015. "China’s Labor Market in the “New Normal”," IMF Working Papers 2015/151, International Monetary Fund.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H3 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
    • H5 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
    • J2 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor

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