IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/lev/wrkpap/wp_1104.html

Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty: United States, 2007-2022 Sources, Methods, and Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Fernando Rios-Avila
  • Ajit Zacharias
  • Thomas Masterson
  • Aashima Sinha

Abstract

In this paper, we present the empirical methodology used to estimate the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) for the United States over the period 2007-2022. We provide a step-by-step account of the statistical matching procedure employed to construct a synthetic dataset by combining the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for year t with the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) for year t + 1. We describe in detail how records were matched using a combination of principal component analysis, propensity score, and clustering methods. We then assess the quality of the match, focusing on the 2022 data. Specifically, we examine the alignment of the ATUS weekday and weekend samples with the synthetic dataset across key demographic characteristics and summarize the performance of the matching algorithm. Finally, we compare the marginal distributions of time use between the original ATUS data and the synthetic dataset. Our findings indicate that the statistical matching procedure produced a high-quality match, rendering the synthetic dataset suitable for time poverty analysis. Although not discussed in detail here, we also evaluated match quality for each year from 2007 to 2021.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernando Rios-Avila & Ajit Zacharias & Thomas Masterson & Aashima Sinha, 2026. "Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty: United States, 2007-2022 Sources, Methods, and Assessment," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_1104, Levy Economics Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_1104
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.levyinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/wp_1104.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ajit Zacharias & Thomas Masterson & Emel Memiş, 2014. "Time Deficits and Poverty: The Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty for Turkey," Ekonomik Yaklasim, Ekonomik Yaklasim Association, vol. 25(91), pages 1-28.
    2. Agarwal, Bina, 1997. ""Bargaining" and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household," FCND Discussion Papers 42661, CGIAR, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    3. Bina Agarwal, 1997. "''Bargaining'' and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 1-51.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Schiffer, Eva, 2007. "The Power Mapping Tool: A Method for the Empirical Research of Power Relations," IFPRI Discussion Papers 42410, CGIAR, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    2. Calasanti, Anna, 2025. "Asset, voice, leverage? Women’s property ownership and household decision-making in Colombia, Guatemala, and Honduras," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    3. Lauren Pandolfelli & Ruth Meinzen-Dick & Stephan Dohrn, 2008. "Gender and collective action: motivations, effectiveness and impact," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(1), pages 1-11.
    4. Leanne Roncolato & Alex Roomets, 2020. "Who will change the “baby?” Examining the power of gender in an experimental setting," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 823-852, September.
    5. Joshua Sikhu Okonya & Netsayi Noris Mudege & Anne M. Rietveld & Anastase Nduwayezu & Déo Kantungeko & Bernadette Marie Hakizimana & John Njuki Nyaga & Guy Blomme & James Peter Legg & Jürgen Kroschel, 2019. "The Role of Women in Production and Management of RTB Crops in Rwanda and Burundi: Do Men Decide, and Women Work?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-15, August.
    6. Sarah Ryser, 2019. "The Anti-Politics Machine of Green Energy Development: The Moroccan Solar Project in Ouarzazate and Its Impact on Gendered Local Communities," Land, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-21, June.
    7. Vellore Arthi & James Fenske, 2018. "Polygamy and child mortality: Historical and modern evidence from Nigeria’s Igbo," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 97-141, March.
    8. Allendorf, Keera, 2007. "Do Women's Land Rights Promote Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 1975-1988, November.
    9. Rie Makita, 2009. "The visibility of women’s work for poverty reduction: implications from non-crop agricultural income-generating programs in Bangladesh," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 26(4), pages 379-390, December.
    10. Boulier, Bryan & Emran, M. Shahe & Hoque, Nazmul, 2021. "Access to Credit, Education, and Women’s Say in the Household: Evidence from Bangladesh," MPRA Paper 109009, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Farha Naz & Shahab E. Saqib, 2021. "Gender-based differences in flood vulnerability among men and women in the char farming households of Bangladesh," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 106(1), pages 655-677, March.
    12. Malapit, Hazel Jean L., 2012. "Why do spouses hide income?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 41(5), pages 584-593.
    13. Alexandra Peralta, 2022. "The role of men and women in agriculture and agricultural decisions in Vanuatu," Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), pages 59-80, January.
    14. Ruth Badru, 2020. "Distribution and Gender Effects on the Path of Economic Growth: Comparative Evidence for Developed, Semi-Industrialized, and Low-Income Agricultural Economies," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_959, Levy Economics Institute.
    15. Silke Schwarz, 2014. "Women¡¯s Economic Empowerment and Social Change from a Culture-Psychological Perspective," Business and Management Research, Business and Management Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 3(4), pages 1-10, December.
    16. Ospina-Cartagena, Vanessa & García-Suaza, Andrés, 2020. "Brechas de Género en el trabajo Doméstico y de Cuidado No Remunerado en Colombia," Working papers 52, Red Investigadores de Economía.
    17. Sandrine A. Koissy-Kpein, 2015. "Gender-based violence and gender bias in schooling decision: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2015-107, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    18. Sandhya R. Mahapatro, 2018. "Impact of Labour Migration on Socioeconomic Position of Left-Behind Women in Bihar," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 61(4), pages 701-718, December.
    19. Eileen Trzcinski & Elke Holst, 2010. "Interrelationships among Locus of Control and Years in Management and Unemployment: Differences by Gender," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 974, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • C14 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
    • C40 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - General
    • D12 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_1104. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Lindsey Carter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.levyinstitute.org .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.