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Simultaneous and Sequential Provision under Endowment Heterogeneity: Theory and Experimental Evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Xiaoping Zhao

    (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University, JAPAN)

  • Junyi Shen

    (Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN)

  • Ken-Ichi Shimomura

    (College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, and Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN)

  • Hiromasa Takahashi

    (Faculty of International Studies, Hiroshima City University)

Abstract

We study public-good provision in a three-player environment with Cobb-Douglas preferences and heterogeneous endowments. Across treatments we vary the distribution of endowments while holding the group's total endowment constant. We conduct two comparisons: (i) within-mechanism, contrasting theoretical benchmarks with experimental outcomes; and (ii) across mechanisms, contrasting simultaneous with sequential play under the same role–endowment mapping. In the sequential mechanism, the richest participant is exogenously assigned as the leader, and the two followers move simultaneously in the second stage. Taking Varian (1994) as a testable null (sequential provision should not exceed simultaneous provision), we report both aggregate provision and role-level contributions and document alignment and gaps between theory and data within mechanisms, as well as the pure timing effect across mechanisms. This design extends the literature that has largely studied heterogeneous endowments under simultaneous play by adding a systematic analysis of heterogeneous endowments under sequential play.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaoping Zhao & Junyi Shen & Ken-Ichi Shimomura & Hiromasa Takahashi, 2026. "Simultaneous and Sequential Provision under Endowment Heterogeneity: Theory and Experimental Evidence," Discussion Paper Series DP2026-28, Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University.
    • Handle: RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2026-28
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    File URL: https://www.rieb.kobe-u.ac.jp/academic/ra/dp/English/DP2026-28.pdf
    File Function: First version, 2026
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    JEL classification:

    • C91 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
    • C92 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Laboratory, Group Behavior
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • H41 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - Public Goods

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