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Challenges and opportunities for the EU labour market from AI development

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The European Commission adopted the Digital Europe Programme to equip the EU workforce with the necessary skills to cope with labour market changes induced from innovation in advanced digital technologies as AI. Clerical work and cognitive tasks are considered to be more exposed to AI substitution, whereas manual, operational, and technical tasks are comparatively less exposed. AISE is a job-specific AI exposure metric based on data from financed start-ups whose output could potentially replace a job. Results reveal the existence of a gap between potential and actual AI exposure, as start-ups are more likely to adopt AI development in niche tasks. The AISE-based analysis reveals that cognitive jobs are heterogeneously AI-exposed, and exposure depends on advanced cognitive skills requirements. Beyond technical feasibility and economic viability, ethical and social considerations and trust in AI capabilities determine job expo-sure to AI. Considering EU countries’ structure of the labour market, Germany and Belgium are the most actually AI-exposed. The largest gap between potential and actual exposure is detected for Sweden and Italy, the former being more potentially AI-exposed than actually. The opposite is true for Italy.

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  • Albora Giambattista & Diodato Dario & Fenoaltea Enrico & Mazzilli Dario & Patelli Aurelio & Sbardella Angelica & Sciarra Carla & Tacchella Andrea & Zaccaria Andrea, 2025. "Challenges and opportunities for the EU labour market from AI development," JRC Research Reports JRC141782, Joint Research Centre.
    • Handle: RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc141782
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