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Trajetória do Mercosul e Mudança de Paradigmas e de Posições da Política Externa Brasileira: começo virtuoso e crise recente – possíveis interpretações

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  • Sergio Abreu e Lima Florêncio

Abstract

O texto parte da premissa de que o Mercosul enfrenta uma crise nos últimos quatro anos, cujos sintomas seriam: perda de prioridade no contexto da política externa brasileira (PEB); resultados comerciais modestos; perfurações da tarifa externa comum (TEC); baixa internalização de decisões do Mercosul nos ordenamentos jurídicos internos; e incapacidade de negociar acordos de preferências comerciais/acordos de livre comércio (ALCs) com economias de grande porte. A crise é examinada tendo como parâmetros as mudanças de paradigmas e de posições da PEB e seus efeitos sobre a prioridade do Mercosul para o Brasil. As cinco seguintes interpretações destinadas a explicar as causas da crise são estudadas, tendo esse referencial teórico (paradigmas) e empírico (posições políticas): i) adoção do modelo intergovernamental em lugar da supranacionalidade; ii) mudança do paradigma americanista/institucionalista pragmático (FHC) para o autonomista (Lula/Dilma); iii) criação da Unasul como fonte de fragilização do Mercosul e de politização da Iniciativa para a Integração da Infraestrutura Regional Sul-Americana (IIRSA); iv) modelo atípico do Mercosul, ausência de um padrão hub and spoke; e v) a crise seria resultante do divórcio entre a PEB e a Argentina na era Menem/Fernando Henrique e da confluência de políticas intervencionistas nas presidências do casal Kirchner e de Lula – 2o mandato/Dilma. A conclusão aponta para o forte poder explicativo das interpretações i), ii), iii) e iv), bem como propõe medidas para a superação da crise. This paper assumes that Mercosur has been under a crisis for the last four years, the main symptoms of which are: decreasing priority in the context of Brazilian Foreign Policy (BFP); growing number of exceptions within its Common External Tariff (CET); decreasing number of Mercosur decisions embodied in each country’s domestic legal framework; Mercosur’s incapacity to effectively negotiate free trade agreements (FTAs). Changes in BFP’s paradigms and positions are used as main parameters for the crisis’examination. Five interpretations for Mercosur’s crisis are studied, within the scope of both that theoretical (paradigms) and empirical (positions) framework: i) adoption of an intergovernmental model, instead of a supranational one; ii) paradigm change in BFP’s, from an Americanist/pragmatic institutionalist (under President Cardoso) to an autonomist (under Presidents Lula and Dilma); iii) Unasur’s creation, as a source of Mercosur’s weakening and IIRSA’s politicization; iv) Mercosur’s incapacity to embody a hub and spoke pattern of integration; and v) Brazil’s and Argentina’s foreign policy polarization under Menen and Cardoso as well as both countries’ interventionist economic policies under the Kirchners and Lula/Dilma. The paper’s conclusions identify interpretations i), ii), iii) and iv) as adequate explanations for the crisis. Effective measures to overcome Mercosur’s crisis are also presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Sergio Abreu e Lima Florêncio, 2015. "Trajetória do Mercosul e Mudança de Paradigmas e de Posições da Política Externa Brasileira: começo virtuoso e crise recente – possíveis interpretações," Discussion Papers 2125, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2125
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