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Custos do trabalho: Uma Análise da Indústria Brasileira no Período 1996-2012

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  • Luiz Ricardo Cavalcante

Abstract

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a evolução e a composição dos custos do trabalho no setor industrial no Brasil no período entre 1996 e 2012, com base nos dados disponíveis na Pesquisa Industrial Anual (PIA) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os custos do trabalho são decompostos em três grandes blocos – pagamento pelo tempo trabalhado; benefícios pagos diretamente; e gastos previdenciários dos empregadores e outros tributos relacionados ao trabalho –, compatíveis com os dados sistematizados pelo Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) e com o padrão internacional adotado pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT). Conclui-se que, entre 1996 e 2012, os custos médios mensais por trabalhador na indústria extrativa – em valores constantes de 2012 deflacionados pelo Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) – passaram de R$ 4.165 para R$ 7.122 (crescimento médio anual de 3,41%). Na indústria de transformação, esses valores passaram de R$ 3.150 para R$ 3.582 no mesmo período (crescimento médio anual de 0,81%). Quando expressos em dólares norte-americanos, os custos do trabalho na indústria exibem uma trajetória que, graficamente, tem o formato de “U”, decrescendo entre 1996 e 2002, a partir de quando começam a subir, atingindo um pico em 2011. Essa trajetória reflete a evolução combinada dos custos do trabalho e da taxa de câmbio. Em 2012, o setor de extração de petróleo e gás natural foi aquele em que os custos médios mensais por trabalhador foram os mais elevados (R$ 36.729). Os menores, por sua vez, foram observados no setor de confecção de artigos do vestuário e acessórios (R$ 1.453). Quando a análise é limitada à indústria de transformação, o maior custo médio mensal por trabalhador foi observado no setor de fabricação de coque, de produtos derivados do petróleo e biocombustíveis (R$ 11.710). Ao se considerar o conjunto formado pela indústria extrativa e pela indústria de transformação, os gastos previdenciários dos empregadores e outros tributos relacionados ao trabalho representaram, em 2012, aproximadamente 25% dos custos totais. Há, entretanto, variações setoriais significativas: esse percentual oscila entre pouco menos de 20% e mais de 30% quando a análise é feita por divisões da Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas (Cnae). The aim of this work is to analyze the evolution and the composition of the labor costs in the industrial sector in Brazil during the period between 1996 and 2012. The source of data is the Annual Survey of Mining and Manufacturing Industries (PIA) issued by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Labor costs comprise i) pay for time worked; ii) directly-paid benefits; iii) employer social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxes. This structure is compatible with the one adopted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and with the resolution concerning statistics of labor cost adopted by the International Labor Organization (ILO). It is shown that the monthly average labor costs per worker in the mining industry rose from BRL 4,165 to BRL 7,122 between 1996 and 2012 (in constant 2012 Brazilian Reais deflated by the Consumer Price Index – Broad Concept). As a result, the annual average growth rate reached 3.41% in the period. In the manufacturing industry, these costs rose from BRL 3,150 to BRL 3,582 in the same interval (annual average growth rate of 0.81%). When these costs are expressed in US Dollars and plotted in a graph the result is an “U-shape” curve, as the costs declined between 1996 and 2002 and, from this moment onwards, rose and reached a peak in 2011. This curve reflects the combined trajectories of the labor costs and of the exchange rates in the period. In 2012, the highest costs were observed in the “extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas” sector (BRL 36,729) whereas the lowest ones in the “manufacture of wearing apparel” sector (BRL 1,453). If the analysis is limited to the manufacturing industry, the highest costs were observed in the “manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products” sector (BRL 11,710). Considering both the mining and the manufacturing industries, employer social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxes represented, in 2012, around 25% of the total labor costs. There is, however, significant dispersion among sectors, as this percentage ranges from less than 20% to more than 30%.

Suggested Citation

  • Luiz Ricardo Cavalcante, 2015. "Custos do trabalho: Uma Análise da Indústria Brasileira no Período 1996-2012," Discussion Papers 2050, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2050
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