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Saneamento Básico no Brasil: Desenho Institucional e Desafios Federativos

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  • Alexandre dos Santos Cunha

Abstract

Os serviços de saneamento básico, tanto em seu caráter de cadeia industrial para a provisão de bens públicos, quanto como rede de serviços públicos destinados à efetivação de direitos sociais, vêm passando por um substancial processo de transformação institucional desde a aprovação da nova Lei Nacional de Saneamento Básico, em 2007 (Lei Federal no 11.445/2007, doravante denominada LNSB). Embora o saneamento básico não esteja expressamente previsto na Constituição Federal como um direito social, pode-se considerar que integra o conjunto de serviços públicos indispensáveis à efetivação dos direitos sociais à "moradia adequada" e à "melhoria de todos os aspectos de higiene", previstos nos Artigos 11.1 e 12.2 do Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais (Convenção de Nova York, de 19 de dezembro de 1966, internalizada pelo Decreto Legislativo no 226, de 12 de dezembro de 1991, e promulgada pelo Decreto no 591, de 6 de julho de 1992). Para os serviços de saneamento básico, a edição de uma nova moldura institucional reveste-se de grande importância. Para as finalidades deste texto, considera-se saneamento básico a cadeia industrial e a rede de serviços públicos necessárias às atividades de captação, tratamento, adução e distribuição de água potável, bem como coleta, afastamento, tratamento e despejo de esgoto sanitário. Embora gozem de uma moldura institucional comum, não serão objeto deste artigo os serviços públicos de limpeza urbana e destino de resíduos sólidos, nem os de drenagem e manejo de águas pluviais urbanas (LNSB, Artigo 3º). Basic sanitation services have been undergoing substantial institutional change since the adoption of the new Brazilian National Sanitation Law, in 2007 (Federal Statute n. 11.445/2007, hereinafter LNSB [Lei Nacional de Saneamento Básico]), both as an industrial chain for the provision of public goods, and as a network of public services for the realization of social rights. Although basic sanitation is not explicitly provided for in the Constitution as a social right, we can consider that it encompasses all services that are indispensable to the fulfillment of the social right to "adequate housing" and to the "improvement of all aspects of hygiene," in accordance with Articles 11.1 and 12.2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, adopted by the United Nations` General Assembly on December 16, 1966, internalized in Brazil by Legislative Decree No. 226 of December 12, 1991, and promulgated by Decree No. 591 of July 6, 1992). In the specific case of basic sanitation, the issue of a new institutional frame is of great importance. For the purposes of this chapter, we shall define basic sanitation as the industrial chain and the network of public services necessary to the procurement, processing, supply and distribution of drinking water and the collection, removal, treatment and disposal of sewage. Although they enjoy a common institutional framework with those activities, this chapter will not deal with public street cleaning and the disposal of solid waste, nor with the drainage and management of urban rain water (LNSB, Article 3).

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandre dos Santos Cunha, 2011. "Saneamento Básico no Brasil: Desenho Institucional e Desafios Federativos," Discussion Papers 1565, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1565
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