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A Note on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Industrial Competitiveness in Brazil

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  • Regis Bonelli

Abstract

This paper addresses a key issue of the link between increased capital inflows through FDI and industrial competitiveness in Brazil. It provides an analysis of the two way relationship which can exist in theory between FDI and competitiveness, as well as some empirical evidence from Brazil in the 1990s. Inflows of FDI to Brazil have increased significantly during the 1990s, and although manufacturing has been losing out in terms of its share of FDI, the stock of foreign capital in the manufacturing sector more than doubled (in current US dollars) between 1990 and 1996. At the same time, rapid growth of manufacturing productivity has been amply documented, in the same period of time. There seems, therefore, to exist a prima facie case for supposing that foreign investment has contributed to increased productivity and competitiveness in Brazil. When looking at disaggregated data within manufacturing which links the growth of competitiveness (whether measured by unit labor costs or export performance) and FDI, however, there does not appear to be a clear cut relationship with either the growth of FDI or the share of foreign capital within different industries. The link applies to some industries, but not to others. In other words: if one interpreted the causation as running in the opposite direction, this evidence would suggest that there is no general tendency for FDI to be attracted primarily to industries where competitiveness is improving most rapidly. This has the implication that rapid productivity growth might be the result of factors other than FDI — like trade liberalization, for instance. O texto aborda um tema central da relação entre o aumento dos influxos de capital através do IDE e a competitividade industrial no Brasil. Nesse sentido, confere uma análise da inter-relação existente na teoria entre IDE e competitividade, bem como evidência empírica para o caso brasileiro nos anos 90. Os fluxos de capital estrangeiro para o Brasil aumentaram expressivamente nos anos 90, especialmente após 1993. Embora a indústria de transformação tenha perdido participação relativa no estoque total do IDE nesses anos, o estoque desse capital estrangeiro na indústria mais do que dobrou de tamanho, quando medido em dólares correntes. Ao mesmo tempo, esse período caracterizou-se por rápido incremento da produtividade industrial, amplamente documentado em diversos estudos. Parece existir, portanto, base para argumentar que o IDE contribuiu para os ganhos de produtividade e de competitividade no Brasil nos anos 90. Ao examinar os dados desagregados, porém, o quadro torna-se menos nítido. A relação entre o crescimento da competitividade (medida pelos custos unitários da mão-de-obra ou pelo desempenho exportador) e do IDE parece existir apenas para um subgrupo de indústrias. Se a direção de causalidade é interpretada no sentido oposto, a evidência sugere que não há tendência generalizada para que o investimento estrangeiro seja atraído sobretudo para as indústrias cuja competitividade está em processo de melhora mais flagrante. Isso implica que os ganhos de produtividade e de competitividade podem estar sendo o resultado de outros fatores que não unicamente o IDE. Entre eles, destaca-se a liberalização comercial.

Suggested Citation

  • Regis Bonelli, 2015. "A Note on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Industrial Competitiveness in Brazil," Discussion Papers 0079, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0079
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