Uneven Returns from Digitalization and AI: Economic Mechanisms and Policy Implications

Digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly viewed as generalpurpose technologies with the potential to reshape economic activity, raise productivity, and improve public services. Yet their returns are highly uneven across firms, workers, and countries. This paper develops an economic framework for understanding these differences, focusing on four properties of digital and AI technologies: strong complementarities among inputs, the need for workflow and organizational redesign, economies of scale, and economies of scope. These features help explain why technological adoption alone may generate limited gains, why productivity effects often emerge with a lag, and why benefits tend to concentrate in firms and locations with stronger capabilities and infrastructure. The paper applies this framework to Latin America and the Caribbean and discusses policy priorities for expanding digitalization, strengthening digital government, addressing information and coordination failures, and broadening access to the productivity gains associated with AI.