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企業と銀行の距離変化と取引関係の再編

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  • 手塚, 昂嗣

Abstract

本研究は、企業とメインバンクとの地理的距離の変化が、企業の借入ポートフォリオの再編に与える影響を実証的に分析した。帝国データバンク(TDB)の2008〜2021年のパネルデータ(企業−年レベルで約1,880万観測)を用い、支店統廃合等による距離拡大が新規銀行との取引開始および既存銀行の取引順位変動に与える効果を推定した。 分析の結果、以下の知見が得られた。第一に、メインバンクとの距離が拡大した企業は、新規銀行との取引を開始し(オッズ比約18倍)、既存のサブ取引銀行の順位を引き上げる(約25%ポイント上昇)傾向がある。第二に、小規模企業は新規取引開始、大規模企業はポートフォリオ内の順位変動という異なる調整チャネルを活用している。また、地方圏企業は都市圏企業よりも距離ショックに敏感である。第三に、COVID-19期においては、当初の仮説(デジタル化によるメガバンクの距離制約緩和)とは逆に、地方銀行で距離の影響が緩和され、メガバンクで相対的に強まった。これは、ゼロゼロ融資を通じた地銀のロックイン効果として解釈できる。 本研究の貢献は、Ono et al.(2023)が示したメインバンクのスイッチに至る前の「水面下の調整」を捉えた点にある。企業は距離ショックに対して即座にメインバンクを変更するのではなく、新規取引の開始やサブ取引銀行の順位引き上げという段階的な調整を行っている。また、危機時の政策支援が企業−銀行関係の構造に長期的な影響を及ぼしうることを示した点で、政策的含意も有する。, This study examines how changes in geographical distance between firms and their main banks affect the reorganization of borrowing portfolios, using Teikoku Databank (TDB) panel data for 2008–2021 (approximately 18.8 million firm-year observations). Distance shocks, arising primarily from bank branch consolidations, serve as the key explanatory variable. Three main findings emerge. First, firms experiencing an increase in distance to their main bank are significantly more likely to initiate new banking relationships (odds ratio ≈ 18) and to upgrade the ranking of existing sub-relationship banks (≈25 percentage point increase), revealing gradual portfolio adjustments that precede a complete main bank switch (Ono et al., 2023). Second, small firms adjust primarily through new bank entry, while large firms reallocate within existing portfolios; rural firms are more sensitive to distance shocks than metropolitan firms. Third, contrary to the hypothesis that digitalization would mitigate distance constraints for megabanks during COVID-19, the distance effect was attenuated for regional banks and relatively intensified for megabanks—interpreted as a lock-in effect of zero-interest, zero-collateral emergency lending channeled predominantly through regional banks.

Suggested Citation

  • 手塚, 昂嗣, 2026. "企業と銀行の距離変化と取引関係の再編," TDB-CAREE Discussion Paper Series J-2025-01, Teikoku Databank Center for Advanced Empirical Research on Enterprise and Economy, Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University.
  • Handle: RePEc:hit:tdbcdp:j-2025-01
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