State-of-the-Art Review on Circular Economy Models for Plastic Waste

Plastic waste poses acute environmental, social, and economic challenges, particularly in the Mediterranean. This deliverable reviews stateof-the-art circular economy models that aim to transform plastics from a linear "take-make-dispose" flow into resource loops. We examine closedloop recycling and cradle-to-cradle approaches, as well as complementary strategies such as chemical recycling, reuse, refill models, and bioplastics. A Mediterranean focus highlights the region's specific vulnerabilities-high coastal population density, seasonal tourism, marine litter, and infrastructure disparities-while also showcasing innovative responses, from deposit-return systems and fishing-for-litter schemes to local recycling and upcycling initiatives. We identify best practices, including stakeholder collaboration, market incentives, and supportive governance, alongside risks related to economic viability, contamination, and scale. The analysis situates these efforts within evolving EU and national regulatory frameworks and highlights emerging trends such as digital tracking and additive manufacturing. Together, these insights chart pathways for scaling circular solutions to reduce plastic leakage and foster resilient coastal economies.