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Madagascar 1984–2024: Forty Years of IMF/World Bank Policies and the Trajectory of the Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) Sector
[Madagascar 1984–2024 : Quarante ans d'interventions FMI/BM et trajectoire du secteur Eau–Assainissement–Hygiène (EAH)]

Author

Listed:
  • Zo Rivomanana Rasoanaivo

    (Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.)

Abstract

This strategic note examines forty years of IMF and World Bank interventions in Madagascar's Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) sector, in a context of rapid demographic growth, accelerated urbanization, and recurrent climate pressures. It reviews the cumulative effects of macroeconomic policies, conditionalities, and financing architectures on sector performance between 1984 and 2024.Using publicly available sources (JMP 1990–2022, PER 2017–2021, JIRAMA reports, IMF Article IV, IEG evaluations), the analysis identifies how expenditure ceilings, wage bill restrictions, tariff adjustments, subsidy reductions, and institutional fragmentation shaped the evolution of essential services.The findings reveal modest progress in access to services (+10 percentage points for drinking water and +8 points for sanitation), structural deficits within the national utility JIRAMA (–190 M USD in 2022), and high physical losses (45%). The note situates these trends at the intersection of external (donor policies), internal (governance), and structural factors (demography, urbanization, climate).It provides a cumulative reading of four decades of interventions to inform future public policy choices and strategic investment decisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Zo Rivomanana Rasoanaivo, 2025. "Madagascar 1984–2024: Forty Years of IMF/World Bank Policies and the Trajectory of the Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) Sector [Madagascar 1984–2024 : Quarante ans d'interventions FMI/BM et trajecto," Working Papers hal-05429130, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-05429130
    DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17625044
    as

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