Đổi mới sáng tạo để thoát bẫy nghèo khó, bẫy thu nhập trung bình và bẫy tăng trưởng trung bình?

In the context of globalization and intensifying economic competition, Vietnam has achieved remarkable progress in economic growth and improving living standards over the past few decades. However, significant challenges persist, particularly the risk of falling into development traps such as the poverty trap, the middle-income trap, and the average growth rate trap. Vietnam is currently classified as a lower-middle-income country, with a GDP per capita of approximately USD 4,700 in 2024. According to a World Bank report (Coppola et al., 2024), achieving the goal of becoming a high-income country by 2045 requires Vietnam to sustain a high and consistent economic growth rate. This article analyzes the core factors driving economic growth, defines the types of development traps, and proposes innovation- and technology-based (I&T) solutions to help Vietnam overcome these challenges. The analysis draws on data and insights from official sources, such as the General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) and international organizations, to substantiate the arguments. This article does not address the risks posed by U.S. tariff policies, which significantly impact Vietnam—one of the economies heavily reliant on foreign markets—and contribute to the reconfiguration of the global trade order.