3D Printing in Hospitals: A Literature Review and Analysis of the Technological Maturity of Applications[L'impression 3D à l'hôpital : revue de la littérature et analyse de la maturité technologique des applications]

3D printing is playing an increasingly important role in hospitals, with applications ranging from anatomical models to personalized medical devices. However, the literature remains heterogeneous and encompasses applications that differ significantly in purpose, validation, and degree of clinical integration. This article examines the extent to which hospital-based 3D printing applications can be classified according to their level of technological maturity using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale. A systematic literature review conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 identified 109 articles published between 2016 and 2026. The results show strong growth in recent publications and high variability in TRL classifications, with 72.5% of articles presenting multiple maturity levels. The highest levels mainly concern personalized medical devices and certain surgical planning applications. The study highlights that technological maturity should not be equated with hospital diffusion, which also depends on economic, regulatory, and organizational factors.