Adaptive capacity of fishing companies facing spatial competition with offshore wind farms: insights from scallop fishers in Normandy (France)

Understanding how fishing companies adapt to spatial changes related to the development of offshore wind farms is crucial for predicting the future evolution of coastal social-ecological systems. We discuss a theoretical adaptive capacity index, developed within a capital-based framework, using empirical data from the Normandy scallop fishery (France). Qualitative fieldwork, including semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations, is integrated to test the indicators of the index. From the eight initial theoretical indicators, three were validated, four were modified, one was excluded, and three new ones were incorporated in response to local demands, contextual factors, and perceived relevance. Indicators, such as gear and species diversity, years of experience, and access to financial resources, are consistent with existing research. Other indicators, such as intra-fleet communications, ties with professional organizations, and family membership emerged from local narratives. Two additional indicators, vessel maintenance and the size of fishing areas, are often overlooked in adaptive capacity frameworks. However, fishers consider them essential, especially in the face of increasing competition for space linked to the development of offshore wind farms. In conclusion, we emphasize the need to incorporate better local perceptions into adaptive capacity assessment frameworks. This study enhances our understanding of the diverse determinants shaping fishers'adaptive capacity in the context of spatial changes associated with offshore wind farm development.