The Role of Organizational Structure in Autonomous Universities: A Cost-Benefit Approach

University autonomy is not merely a matter of expanding institutional powers; it raises a fundamental governance question about whether the internal organizational structure is capable of exercising those powers effectively, transparently, and accountably. This article argues that organizational structure is the critical condition through which university autonomy transforms from a granted right into actual governance capacity. Drawing on cost-benefit theory, the article analyzes organizational structure in autonomous universities as a mechanism for allocating internal authority, controlling agency costs, coordination costs, compliance costs, and decision-making costs, while generating benefits in educational quality, financial transparency, and accountability. The article examines the current Vietnamese legal framework governing organizational structure in autonomous universities, evaluates the limitations of both centralized and decentralized extremes, and proposes reform directions toward a balanced model ensuring clear delegation of authority, substantive oversight, and protection of academic freedom.