Digital operations research models for intelligent machines (industry 4.0) and man-machine (industry 5.0) systems

Digital technologies have the potential to enhance organizational production and operations management strategies. With the help of technologies, operations and end-to-end value chain processes can be optimized in real-time, synthesizing customer experience with operational fulfillment through automation, advanced analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain technology, and augmented reality, among other technologies. The demand for these technologies, particularly within the realm of advanced demand planning and supply chain optimization, has emerged significantly over the last several years, creating opportunities to enhance optimization and improve real-time network efficiency in supply chain networks, enabled by insights through advanced analytics. Whereas the processes of Industry 4.0 are primarily driven by digitalization, the next wave of operations research must address how to take these advanced capabilities inherent to Industry 4.0, extend them from optimized digital automation, and combine them with human-centered touchpoints. This paradigm shift or transformation has been called the fifth Industrial Revolution or Industry 5.0 (Grybauskas & Cárdenas-Rubio, 2024). The main focus of this technological evolution is on forming a smarter society, consisting of a system of interconnected smart industries resident on a high level of human–computer interaction to make informed and efficient decisions in human-centric digital manufacturing (Shankar & Gupta, 2024). While the digital technologies used in the Industry 5.0 era may be the same as in Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0 enhances these technologies for the digital manufacturing process by integrating human critical thinking and creative abilities.