The economy of the villas and farms of the Early Empire in the Monts du Cantal (France), between agropastoralism and mining[L'économie des villas et des fermes du Haut-Empire dans les monts du Cantal (France), entre agropastoralisme et extraction minière]

This article examines the rural economy in the Cantal moun-tains, located within the Arverni territory during the Roman Empire, focusing on villas and farms in mid-mountain areas. Through archaeological surveys and analysis, it reveals a network of secondary settlements and villas that integrated agriculture, livestock farming, and mining, notably lead-silver extraction. Particular attention is given to the economic role of villas, as seen in their architectural investments, ceramic production, and integration into trade networks supplying wine, oil, and pottery. The study also highlights the strategic placement of these sites along key trade routes, underscoring their connection to regional markets. Despite challenges posed by the terrain, these mid-mountain zones were dynamic contributors to the regional economy, reflecting a blend of local production and goods brought in from elsewhere. The findings suggest an adaptive economy that leveraged the area's natural resources while participating in broader economic systems.