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Why Virtual Mileage Can Threaten Vehicle-to-Grid

Author

Listed:
  • Pierre Dumont

    (GeePs - Laboratoire Génie électrique et électronique de Paris - CentraleSupélec - SU - Sorbonne Université - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Stellantis (Centre technique de Carrières-sous-Poissy))

  • Lorenzo Nicoletti

    (Stellantis (Centre technique de Carrières-sous-Poissy))

  • Marc Petit

    (GeePs - Laboratoire Génie électrique et électronique de Paris - CentraleSupélec - SU - Sorbonne Université - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Damien-Pierre Sainflou

    (Stellantis (Centre technique de Carrières-sous-Poissy))

Abstract

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is gaining interest, particularly for electricity trading using electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This study focuses on the economic impact of V2Ginduced vehicle degradation. Unlike traditional approaches that estimate costs based on battery capacity loss, upcoming "virtual mileage" regulations aim to provide a more tangible metric. Virtual mileage, deduced from the energy reinjected onto the grid by the vehicle, is meant to represent a similar wear as real mileage. However, it should be noted that this metric is flawed as it tends to overestimate vehicle degradation since it tacitly includes wear on components that are not used during V2G (for instance: tires, brakes), and overlooks other factors like battery calendar ageing: for example, an EV with high virtual mileage could retain better battery health than one stored at full charge. Virtual mileage could hence significantly affect EV residual value, around ~1 c€ per virtual kilometre in order of magnitude, translating to ~0.05 € per discharged kWh. This depreciation would pose a substantial barrier to V2G profitability. Using simulations of EVs in the French day-ahead electricity market for 2019, the study finds that accounting for devaluation reduces average annual V2G benefits to just 6.96 €/EV, compared to 29.2 €/EV without it. The paper highlights the aforementioned limitations to virtual mileage and advocates alternative metrics such as the state-of-health to assess vehicle degradation, aiming to enhance the feasibility of V2G.

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Dumont & Lorenzo Nicoletti & Marc Petit & Damien-Pierre Sainflou, 2025. "Why Virtual Mileage Can Threaten Vehicle-to-Grid," Post-Print hal-05294002, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05294002
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-05294002v1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Han, Sekyung & Han, Soohee & Aki, Hirohisa, 2014. "A practical battery wear model for electric vehicle charging applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1100-1108.
    2. Marongiu, Andrea & Roscher, Marco & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2015. "Influence of the vehicle-to-grid strategy on the aging behavior of lithium battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 899-912.
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