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What's Behind Declining Birth Rates in the U.S.?

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Abstract

Using the National Survey of Family Growth, this paper explores reasons behind the falling birth rate in the United States. The analysis confirms that newer generations of women are less likely to have any children than generations that came before. Comparing outcomes among women at the same age, two sources for this decline are identified: (1) a dramatic decrease in the desire to have children, but only among the youngest generation in the sample (Gen Z) and (2) an increase in the medical difficulty of having children among all generations of women since the Boomer generation. Various policies addressing both desire and difficulties are discussed in the context of a goal to arrest or reverse declining birth rates. The primary contribution of this paper is consideration of increasing medical difficulty in conceiving and bearing children (impaired fecundity) alongside the current dominant theory of shifting priorities and preferences of recent cohorts of women.

Suggested Citation

  • Allen Bradley & Lila Newberry Bradley & Julie L. Hotchkiss & Clare Ostle & Deborah Partey, 2026. "What's Behind Declining Birth Rates in the U.S.?," FRB Atlanta Working Paper 2026-5, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedawp:103252
    DOI: 10.29338/wp2026-05
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    File URL: https://www.atlantafed.org/-/media/Project/Atlanta/FRBA/Documents/research/publication/working-paper/2026/05/13/05-whats-behind-declining-birth-rates-in-the-us.pdf
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    JEL classification:

    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • I19 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Other
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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