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Evolución reciente y retos de la industria manufacturera de exportación en Centroamérica, México y República Dominicana: una perspectiva regional y sectorial

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En las dos últimas décadas, la inserción internacional de Centroamérica, México y República Dominicana ha estado liderada por la industria manufacturera de exportación (IMANE), que opera bajo regímenes fiscales especiales como zonas francas, admisión temporal y maquila. En 2006, esta industria representó 64,4% de las exportaciones totales de la subregión y empleó a más de tres millones de trabajadores directos. En este documento se estudia la evolución de la IMANE en la subregión durante el período 2000-2006. En particular, se identifican los factores nacionales e internacionales que han afectado su comportamiento; se analizan las estrategias adoptadas, distinguiendo entre países y sectores industriales (con énfasis en textil-confección, electrónico y automotriz-autopartes), y se investigan los retos pendientes de la industria para incrementar su contribución al desarrollo económico. El análisis de los principales sectores industriales de la IMANE apunta a que éstos han seguido estrategias similares ante la mayor competencia asiática, la erosión de las condiciones preferenciales de acceso al mercado de Estados Unidos y factores internos negativos como la apreciación del tipo de cambio o el encarecimiento de los costos de los factores de producción. Las estrategias más difundidas han sido la orientación hacia productos que exigen un período corto de entrega al mercado, la manufactura de productos de alto volumen físico y la orientación hacia sectores o nichos que ofrecen mayores márgenes de utilidad que los sectores tradicionales. Estas estrategias en general explotan ventajas comparativas estáticas, en particular la ubicación geográfica y el acceso preferencial al mercado de Estados Unidos. La IMANE, después de varias décadas de existencia, sigue siendo principalmente un mecanismo de generación de empleo y divisas, y de atracción de inversión extranjera directa. No obstante, se observan casos de éxito de empresas de la IMANE que han transitado hacia actividades de diseño y de investigación y desarrollo y que contribuyen de manera importante al desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas de la localidad que las alberga. A fin de fortalecer la competitividad internacional de la IMANE y potenciar su impacto en el desarrollo económico y social de la subregión, es necesario realizar mayores esfuerzos para desarrollar ventajas comparativas dinámicas mediante la formación de capital humano, el fortalecimiento de instituciones de enseñanza e investigación y mayor inversión en infraestructura, entre otros. Recent evolution and challenges of the manufacturing export industry in Central American, Mexico and the Dominican Republic: a regional and sectorial perspective Abstract: During the past two decades, insertion of Central American, Mexico and the Dominican Republic into the international market has been led by the manufacturing export industry (IMANE) which pertains to fiscal regimens, free trade zones, temporary admission and the maquila industry. In 2006 this industry accounted for 64,4% of the total amount of exports in the sub region and employed more than three million workers. This report studies the evolution of the IMANE in the sub region, during the period of 200-2006. Specifically, the report identifies national and international aspects that may have affected this development by analyzing the implemented strategies, while distinguishing between countries and industrial sectors (placing particular emphasis on the texile- garment industry, the electronic industry and the automobile and auto part industry) and investigating future challenges of increasing the contribution to economic development of the industry, taking into account that they have followed similar strategies towards the increased Asian competition, the erosion of the conditions of preferential access to the United States market and negative domestic factors such as the decreased exchange rate and increased costs of production factors. The most spread strategies have been; orientation towards products that offer short term deliveries, high volume production and orientation towards sectors and niches that offer grater utility margins than the traditional sectors. In general, these strategies have exploited the statistical comparative advantages, particularly in terms of geographic location and preferential access to the United States market. The IMANE, alter various decades of existence, continues to be mainly a mechanism for generating employment and currency, as well as attracting foreign direct investment. However, some successful cases of companies belonging to the IMANE have been observed. These companies have managed to move towards activities of design, investigation and development and made substantial contributions to developing technological capacities in the area in which they are located. In order to strengthen the international competitive position of the IMANE and promote its impact on economic and social development in the sub region, it is necessary to realize greater efforts for developing buoyant comparative advantages in terms of human capital, strengthening teaching institutions as well as investigative institutions, and greater investment in infrastructure, among other factors.

Suggested Citation

  • -, 2007. "Evolución reciente y retos de la industria manufacturera de exportación en Centroamérica, México y República Dominicana: una perspectiva regional y sectorial," Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México (Estudios e Investigaciones) 25838, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
  • Handle: RePEc:ecr:col094:25838
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