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El impacto de los desastres naturales en el desarrollo: documento metodológico básico para estudios nacionales de caso

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Con este documento se intenta proveer el marco analítico básico para el análisis del impacto de los desastres y la gestión del riesgo. Su aplicación práctica se plantea en el marco de estudios de caso en distintos países de la región de América Latina y el Caribe, que además de tener el rasgo común de su exposición a la amenaza de desastres, presentan grados distintos de vulnerabilidad tanto por su tamaño y características estructurales e institucionales como por su nivel de desarrollo. Se inicia exponiendo un análisis del riesgo, sus conceptos básicos y la problemática que ello comprende. Se consideran separadamente los componentes sistémicos del riesgo: el peligro o amenaza de determinado tipo de evento, con cierta fuerza o intensidad en un lapso específico; la vulnerabilidad tanto estructural como institucional construida por la sociedad, y el riesgo resultante de la interacción entre peligro y vulnerabilidad. Ello implica el tratamiento de escenarios de eventos extremos que permitan el diseño de mecanismos de respuesta y conduzcan a la gestión del riesgo. En el marco metodológico para la gestión del riesgo se distinguen las fases del llamado "ciclo de los desastres": predesastre, emergencia, rehabilitación y reconstrucción en condiciones de mayor resistencia frente a la recurrencia de eventos en el futuro. Parte central de la gestión del riesgo es la respuesta financiera obtenida, lo que implica su financiamiento y su transferencia mediante distintos instrumentos. Abstract: The impact on development of natural disasters: Basic methodological document for national case studies This report attempts to construct an analytical framework for evaluating disaster impact and risk assessment. The practical application is aimed towards case studies of different Latin American and Caribbean countries, that hold common traits in terms of the exposure to threat of disasters, albeit, presenting different levels of vulnerability depending on size, structural and institutional characteristics as well as level of economic development. The report starts by presenting a risk analysis, enrapturing basic concepts and the issues implied. It separately analyses the systematical risk components; the danger and threat determined by the type of the event, depending on the force and intensity of the specific event, as well as structural and institutional vulnerability constructed by societies and resulting risk of the interaction between danger and vulnerability. The report suggests dealing with scenarios of extreme events by designing responses mechanisms and risk assessment.The report distinguishes between phases pertaining to the "disaster cycle", drawn up by methodological framework for risk assessment; predisaster, emergency, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, in terms of risk prevention for future events. A central component for risk assessment is the obtained financial response, as well as the transference of different means.

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  • -, 2005. "El impacto de los desastres naturales en el desarrollo: documento metodológico básico para estudios nacionales de caso," Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México (Estudios e Investigaciones) 25766, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
  • Handle: RePEc:ecr:col094:25766
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    File URL: http://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/25766
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