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Violence et non-violence à Madagascar : réflexion sur les formes de régulation sociale

Author

Listed:
  • Mireille Razafindrakoto

    (IRD, UMR DIAL, PSL, Université Paris-Dauphine)

  • François Roubaud

    (IRD, UMR DIAL, PSL, Université Paris-Dauphine)

  • Jean-Michel Wachsberger

    (CeRIES, Université de Lille, IRD, UMR DIAL)

Abstract

(english) Countries that have experienced a steady decline in their economy over the long term are most often those who have suffered repeated cycles of poor governance and violence. However, since independence, Madagascar has never been permanently paralyzed by internal armed conflicts and even less external and the island is (or has been) often presented as a "peaceful" country populated by "peaceful" citizens. This article questions the reality of this non-violence in Malagasy society by mobilizing the available statistical data and going back in time to lay the foundations of a history of political violence. He then proposes elements of interpretation both on the weak use of physical violence, both by the population and by the elites, and on the increase of the feeling of insecurity, far superior to the increase of interpersonal violence. While the limited degree of physical violence may be a mark of a form of social cohesion, it also stems from the structuring of Malagasy society. The weak organization, both on the part of fragmented elites and a geographically and socially atomized population, is not conducive to the emergence of political violence. But it is above all the preponderance of a systemic symbolic violence that allows the maintenance of the established order and hampers the emergence of mobilizations likely to call into question the balance of the society. Organizational weakness, social norms and symbolic violence combine for apparent social peace. This reflects less institutional solidity than the symbolic domination of the elite class. _________________________________ (français) Les pays ayant connu une régression continue de leur économie sur longue période sont toujours ceux qui ont souffert de cycles répétés alliant mauvaise gouvernance et violence. Or, depuis l’indépendance, Madagascar n’a jamais été durablement paralysée par des conflits armés internes et encore moins externes et l’Ile est (ou a été) souvent présentée comme un pays « paisible », peuplé de citoyens « pacifiques ». Cet article interroge la réalité de cette non-violence de la société malgache en mobilisant les données statistiques disponibles et en remontant dans le temps pour poser les jalons d’une histoire de la violence politique. Il propose alors des éléments d’interprétation à la fois sur la faible utilisation de la violence physique, tant par la population que par les élites, et sur l’augmentation du sentiment d’insécurité, bien supérieure à celle de la violence interpersonnelle. Si le degré limité de violence physique peut être la marque d’une forme de cohésion sociale, il découle aussi de la structuration de la société malgache. La faible organisation, tant du côté d’élites fragmentées que d’une population atomisée géographiquement et socialement, n’est pas propice à l’émergence de violences politiques. Mais c’est surtout la prégnance d’une violence symbolique systémique qui permet le maintien de l’ordre établi et freine l’émergence de mobilisations susceptibles de remettre en cause l’équilibre de la société. Faiblesse organisationnelle, normes sociales et violence symbolique se conjuguent pour une apparente paix sociale. Celle-ci reflète moins une solidité institutionnelle que la domination symbolique de la classe élitaire.

Suggested Citation

  • Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud & Jean-Michel Wachsberger, 2017. "Violence et non-violence à Madagascar : réflexion sur les formes de régulation sociale," Working Papers DT/2017/19, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt201719
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Violence; Madagascar; Sentiment d’insécurité; Crise politique; Cohésion sociale; Violence symbolique; Elites; Insecurity feeling; Political Crisis; Social Cohesion; Symbolic Violence; Elite;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • N17 - Economic History - - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations - - - Africa; Oceania
    • N47 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - Africa; Oceania
    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General
    • P48 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies
    • Z1 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics

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