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Performances commerciales de l'Afrique subsaharienne : une diversification nécessaire

Author

Listed:
  • Jean-Baptiste Gros

    (DIAL)

  • Gaëlle Letilly

    (DIAL, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)

  • Sylvie Martinet

    (DIAL, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)

Abstract

(English) This study analyses trade strategies and performances of a sample of seven Sub-Saharan African countries (South Africa, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria and Senegal), which together represent over two-thirds of Africa’s total exports. Although the poor overall Africa’s trade performance can be explained to a great extent by well known factors (commodity prices, macroeconomic problems, etc.), this does nothing to explain why some countries succeed to increase their exports and not others. This paper attempts to do so, by splitting these countries’ export growth rate during the 1990s, into a demand effect and a competitiveness effect. This allows us to appreciate the impact of specialization on trade performance: if a country is specialised in goods for which there is little world demand, or whose sales prices are falling, its exports will be affected accordingly. According to this breakdown, it is not trade specialisation that explains why certain countries succeeded, but above all their competitiveness, that is their ability to increase their market shares on both traditional and new export products. The analysis also clearly shows that the best performing countries are precisely those which have diversified their exports the most, such as Madagascar (thanks to its export processing zones), South Africa and Ghana. _________________________________ (français) Cette étude analyse les stratégies et les performances commerciales de sept pays d’Afrique subsaharienne (Afrique du Sud, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Madagascar, Maurice, Nigeria et Sénégal) durant les années 1990. Ces pays représentent plus des deux tiers des exportations totales africaines. Bien que les médiocres performances globales de l’Afrique en général puissent être attribuées en grande partie à des facteurs bien connus (baisse du prix des matières premières, problèmes macroéconomiques, etc.), ceci n’explique pas pourquoi certains pays arrivent à accroître leurs exportations et d’autres non. Pour répondre à cette question, on procède à une décomposition comptable de la croissance des exportations de chaque pays entre un effet spécialisation sectorielle et un effet de compétitivité. Le premier effet permet d’évaluer par exemple l’impact d’une baisse des prix ou de la demande pour les secteur s dans lesquels un pays est spécialisé ; le second effet mesure les gains/pertes de parts de marché au niveau de chaque produit traditionnellement ou nouvellement exporté. Cette décomposition montre que les écarts de performances entre pays ne s’expliquent pas par les différences de spécia lisation mais par celles de compétitivité. De manière cohérente, l’analyse menée en termes d’indices de diversification montre que les pays les plus performants sont ceux qui ont réussi à diversifier le plus leurs exportations, à savoir Madagascar (à travers l’essor de ses zones franches), l’Afrique du Sud et le Ghana.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Baptiste Gros & Gaëlle Letilly & Sylvie Martinet, 2002. "Performances commerciales de l'Afrique subsaharienne : une diversification nécessaire," Working Papers DT/2002/13, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt200213
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