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The Theory of the Demand for Redistribution: Inequality, Income, and the Limits of Tolerance

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  • Vincent Geloso
  • Carlos Luis Martinez

Abstract

This paper develops a formal model of redistributive demand with two boundaries in income–inequality space: an inequality possibility frontier (IPF), which defines the maximum feasible inequality given income relative to subsistence, and an intolerable inequality floor (IIF), above which redistribution is demanded. Combining the IPF with Fehr–Schmidt preferences, we make the evaluation of inequality endogenous to institutions. Mobility, spillovers, contestability, entrepreneurship, and the costs of re- distribution determine whether greater inequality represents persistent exclusion or ac- companies expanding opportunities and rising living standards. Institutions therefore jointly determine both inequality and its political tolerability. This provides a positive alternative to Law and Political Economy (LPE), which emphasizes the institutional origins of distribution and power but imports normative priors about inequality into its analysis. We show that these distributional concerns can instead be incorporated within conventional rational-choice and comparative-institutional analysis, separating explanations of redistributive demand from the normative criteria ultimately used to evaluate institutional arrangements. Cet article développe un modèle formel de la demande de redistribution fondé sur deux frontières dans l’espace revenu–inégalités : une frontière des inégalités possibles (Inequality Possibility Frontier, IPF), qui définit le niveau maximal d’inégalité compatible avec un revenu donné relativement au seuil de subsistance, et un seuil d’inégalité intolérable (Intolerable Inequality Floor, IIF), au-delà duquel une demande de redistribution apparaît. En combinant l’IPF avec les préférences de Fehr–Schmidt, nous rendons l’évaluation des inégalités endogène aux institutions. La mobilité, les effets de débordement, la contestabilité, l’entrepreneuriat et les coûts de la redistribution déterminent si une hausse des inégalités traduit une exclusion persistante ou si elle accompagne plutôt un élargissement des possibilités et une amélioration du niveau de vie. Les institutions déterminent donc conjointement le niveau d’inégalité et son degré de tolérance politique. Cette approche propose une alternative positive au courant Law and Political Economy (LPE), qui met l’accent sur les origines institutionnelles de la distribution et du pouvoir, mais intègre dans son analyse des présupposés normatifs sur les inégalités. Nous montrons que ces préoccupations distributives peuvent plutôt être intégrées à une analyse conventionnelle.

Suggested Citation

  • Vincent Geloso & Carlos Luis Martinez, 2026. "The Theory of the Demand for Redistribution: Inequality, Income, and the Limits of Tolerance," CIRANO Working Papers 2026s-18, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2026s-18
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